Demolition Derby :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Destruction Derby   â â Demolition derbies have cleared their path through history as races that just include crashes. There is a whole other world to a destruction derby than just crashes. Destruction derbies are more unpredictable than what is seen from the stands due to the long difficult work it takes to prepare a vehicle, and the real rivalry of the derby.  There are three anecdotes about where the principal destruction derby was held. Islip Raceway (Long Island, NY), Hales Corner Raceway (Hales Corner, WI), and an obscure town in Ohio. The solitary story with noteworthy confirmation is that Larry Mendelson, a multi year stock vehicle racer saw that the most cheering and fervor happened when vehicles slammed. He held the main destruction derby in 1958 at Islip Raceway. Another story is that Hales Corner Raceway had held a demo years past to Islip. As indicated by legend, 'Insane Jim' Groh had a couple of such a large number of vehicles on his business parcel. So he got a couple of individuals to drive them as an advancement. The main other verification to back this story are the Happy Days scenes 64, 64, 66 'Fonzie adores Pinkie part1, 2, 3' shows destruction derbies. This show was situated in Milwaukee during the 50's. These scenes highlighted Fonzie fighting it out with the Mallachi siblings. The last record is that an un-named town i n Ohio was a scene of street rage gone wild in the mid-50's. Two vehicles crashed at a bustling crossing point and both kept on doing combating it out attracting an enormous group to the scene. This story neglects to name a town or date, and just gets some credit capacity since Ohio is a central hub for destruction derbies (geocities.com standard. 2-5).   At the point when credit should be given to the designer of destruction derbies it goes to Larry Mendelson and Islip Raceway since they were the first to authoritatively compose a derby.  There are numerous alterations that should be done to a vehicle before it is all set to the destruction derby.â A vehicle can't be purchased destruction derby prepared. There are numerous standards to contemplate and numerous adjustments that should be done to vehicle while preparing the vehicle for a destruction derby.

Macbeth theme of kingship Essay

What is Kingship? During the Shakespearean time, being a ruler implies that you are god-designated to manage on Earth. It was a kings’s obligation to govern admirably and well and his subjects’ obligation to serve him reliably. We perceive how King Edward is portrayed as ‘good’,’pious’,holy’ and ‘full of grace’ who can phenomenally fix his subjects. While Macbeth’s domineering standard is differentiated to the legitimate rule of good and legal rulers, carrying demise and illness to his country.†i think our nation sinks underneath the burden; it sobs, it drains, and every day a cut is added to her wounds.† In the play Macbeth, when Duncan showed up he promptly secures the tricksters and prizes the great. â€Å"No more that Thane of Cawdor will beguile Our bossom intrigue. Go articulate his current demise and with his proper title welcome macbeth. He additionally depicts another quality of being a lord, one who is humble,†there’s no craftsmanship to discover a mind’s development in the face.† He communicated modesty when he misinterpreted the past thane of Cawdor. At the point when Duncan rewards Macbeth with the title of Thane of Cawdor, he achieved his own defeat as a lord, satisfying the Witches predictions on Macbeth â€Å"Hail to thee, thane of Glamis†¦ Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor†¦ Hail to thee, that shalt be above all else thereafter.† When Macbeth submits regicide on the great Duncan, his internal blame sets in and he then says,†wake Duncan with thy thumping, I would thou couldst†. After Duncan’s murder, Macbeth assumes control over the rule of Scotland as ruler. This unlawful request causes disturbance inside Scotland, turning sound Scotland to a wiped out and injured Scotland under a deplorable burden.†Alas poor nation, practically reluctant to know itself, it can't be called our mom, however our grave.† This shows how awful Macbeth’s rule as a lord when contrasted with Duncan. Macbeth carries out numerous corrupt things to keep his seat. He plots the homicide of Banquo and Fleance due to Banquo associating Macbeth with killing Duncan as he knew the witches predictions. Macbeth likewise slaughter Macduff’s family as he needs to give himself self-assertion that he would be alright for the present as Macbeth had been advised by the witches to â€Å"beware Macduff† Finally, when Malcolm and Macduff joins to defy this Tyrannical Macbeth, Malcolm, the legitimate beneficiary of the seat, guarantees back the seat. Malcolm appa rently is the Medicine of wiped out scotland and macduff seen to be Scoland’s justice fighter. Macduff, conveying Macbeth’s head on a shaft, hails Malcolm as ruler of Scotland and says, â€Å"Behold, where stands/The usurper’s reviled head: theâ time is free† . The â€Å"time is free† in light of the fact that they are for the most part currently liberated from Macbeth’s rule of fear over Scotland. Macduff then leads the men in a yell of triumph and devotion. He says, â€Å"I see thee compass’d with thy kingdom’s pearl,/That talk my greeting in their psyches;/Whose voices I want resoundingly with mine:/Hail, King of Scotland!† . â€Å"Compassed† implies â€Å"encircled† and Malcolm’s â€Å"kingdom’s pearl† is Malcolm’s hover of faithful thanes, who surround him like a pearl necklace circles a crown. Macduff realizes that these thanes as of now consider Malcolm their ruler, and now he requests that they go along with him in yelling so anyone can hear, â€Å"Hail, King of Scotland !† And so they do, respecting Malcolm, over whose head lingers the cut off head of Macbeth.

Evaluate Wards Basic Model Of Corporate Financial Strategy In Terms

Evaluate Ward's Basic Model Of Corporate Financial Strategy In Terms Evaluate Ward's Basic Model Of Corporate Financial Strategy In Terms Of Its Theoretical, Conceptual â€" Coursework Example > The corporate financial model is a practical guide on how one can use corporate finance to add value to a company. By explaining the elements of financial strategies shows how they can be tailored to meet the needs of the business and consequently compliment its business strategy. The main goal of every business is to create value for it’s for the stake holders and especially the shareholders. Although all stake holders are important, the shareholder is the principal stakeholder of the company and there for all efforts should be made to create a sustainable shareholder value (Rappaport 1998 p 1). For a company to create this value, it must be able to create a competitive advantage so as to exploit all inconsistencies in the market in which it operates. In order to understand the concept of corporate value, it is important to understand issues of perceived risks and the required investment (Bender Ward 2009 p 4). This essay will focus on determining how financial strategies can be used to identify and exploit value creating opportunities, the relationship between perceived risks and returns, the financial instruments to be used at each stage of the company’s life cycle and why, the limitations of the product life cycle and how the port’s model can be incorporated in the Product life cycle. A financial strategy basically focuses on the financial aspect of strategic decisions and offers a close link between the capital market and the interest of the shareholders. Just like the best corporate and competitive strategies, a sound financial strategy takes into account all external and internal stakeholders of a company (Ogilvie 2009 p3). A financial strategy has two basic components namely rising of funds needed by the business in the most appropriate way and managing the allocation of those funds in the business. When it comes to raising funds in the most appropriate manner, one must take into account the requirements of the key stake holders as well as t he strategy of the organization in overall (Bender Ward 2009 p 5). It’s important to note that the most appropriate way of raising fund may not necessarily be the one with the lowest cost and since the principal objective of a financial strategy is create value, this may not necessarily be achieved by lowering the costs. In employment of funds, we include decisions related to reinvesting or distribution of profits generated by the organization. It is also important to keep in mind that the principle objective of an organization is to come up with a sustainable competitive advantage which will help it to achieve an acceptable, risk-adjusted rate of return for all its key stakeholders, and the most effective way to gauge the success rate of a financial strategy is to check the contribution made to the company’s overall objective ( Bierman 1999 p5). One of the fundamental principal that underlies the financial theory is that all investors will demand a return that is equivalent to the risk they perceive in the investment. Market forces in a perfectly competitive market dictate that investors can only receive their risk adjusted rate of earnings and consequently, no shareholder value is created. It is therefore clear that to create shareholders value, can only be done by exploiting all the imperfections in the market place which arise in products markets where the products are actually sold to the customers. Theoretically, in a perfectly competitive market, the portfolio of projects which make up the firms can only receive the risk adjusted return which is required by the investors. The modem theory of corporate finance indicates that the investor will not even be compensated financially for any unnecessary risk taken by the company or even for the expenditure incurred by the managers. On financial theory, the investors can diversify the risk by developing an appropriate portfolio of different investments which will reduce their dependence on the performan ce of a single company (Sanwai 2007 p 4). Companies can increase this shareholders value by developing a sustainable competitive advantage through selection and implementation of effective competitive strategies. The diagram below is known as the risk- return line and shows the expected return for any given level of risk.

Analysis Of The Movie Shaun Of The Dead - 917 Words

Post modernism can be seen as a turning against structuralism and the rigid thinking of genre. Shaun of the Dead(Focus) is a postmodern film as a combination of two genres: horror and comedy. Horror and comedy are both opposites but did very well together in this film. Shaun of the Dead is a post-modern as it had all of the elements of a horror film but is in fact a comedy. The film was directed and written by â€Å"Edgar Wright† (Wright) and co-written by â€Å"Simon Peggs† (Peggs). The film is a hybrid romantic, zombie and a comedy. These genres contradict each other therefore resulting the film to be seen as a comedy as these opposing genres are not normally combined with each other. Shaun of the Dead follows a version of a horror film with codes by consisting blood, gore, zombies and isolation. Instead of Vladimir Propp’s character theory(Propp) the lead character of a cool and strong male lead, there is an average lead age thirty-something, who works at an electronic shop with his best friend who plays video games all day on their couch. The average lead also doesn’t want to take some responsibility, so this makes him the anti-hero. This adds another element of humor in the film because of not having characteristics of typical hero. In the beginning of the film, Shaun is shown as the lead character. His appearance is zombie- like because of his behavior and lifestyle in a humorous way. The ironic of that is the he is the human fighting against the zombies later on, notShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Shaun Of The Dead 999 Words   |  4 PagesShaun Of The Dead is constructed like a horror movie postmodernism as a combination of two of the opposition - the horror and comedy genres. It can be seen to the postmodern also turned against structured and rigid thinking of the horror movies. Shaun Of The Dead is a postmodern because it consists of all the elements of a horror movie, but in fact is a comedy, Shaun of the Dead was written by Edgar Wright and co-author Simon Page, the film is a hybrid romantic, coma, and comedy, and this type contradictRead MoreEssay on Shaun of the Dead: in-Depth Code Analysis3830 Words   |  16 PagesShaun of Dead An In-Depth Code Analysis With the large variety of interests that flourish within the society, it is no shock that genres exist, especially in film, as the definition of entertainment differs from person to person. A genre is a category of films that are characterised by similarities in the narrative elements and conventions found within the films. Genres are extremely useful to both film producers and audiences as it helps them narrow down the target audience and search forRead MoreHorror Genre Dissertation6741 Words   |  27 Pages4. History of the Horror Genre PG. 5 - 9 - 5. Slasher Films and the Gender roles PG. 9 - 13 - 6. Comedy Horror PG. 13 - 16 - 7. Postmodernism and the Horror Film PG. 16 - 18 - 8. Case Study: Scream Vs. Scary Movie PG. 18 - 22 9. Conclusion PG. 23 Bibliography PG. 25 - 27 1. Abstract Page I have researched on the Horror genre, looking at when it begun, the decline in popularity it has foreseen and how it has been able to recreateRead MoreEssay Fictional Character Analysis; Hannibal Lecter2222 Words   |  9 PagesAbnormal Psychology Fictional Character Analysis Hannibal Lecter from â€Å"Hannibal† series Character Description: Hannibal Lecter is the primary character in the â€Å"Hannibal† movie series and will be the subject of psychiatric evaluation for this paper. The series is comprised of 4 films (â€Å"Hannibal Rising†, â€Å"Silence of the Lambs†, â€Å"Red Dragon†, â€Å"and Hannibal†) which follow Lecter’s life from youth to adulthood. Lecter is a white male of average height and weight; he is a brilliant doctor and exceptionallyRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pages441 441 CASE STUDIES A summary of the case analysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in theRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesof systematic study. Identify the major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB. Demonstrate why few absolutes apply to OB. Identify the challenges and opportunities managers have in applying OB concepts. Compare the three levels of analysis in this book’s OB model. MyManagementLab Access a host of interactive learning aids to help strengthen your understanding of the chapter concepts at www.mymanagementlab.com cott Nicholson sits alone in his parents’ house in suburban Boston

Children in the 19th Century Essay - 900 Words

Children in the nineteenth century were usually faced with poverty and lived in the urban slums. Progressive reformers, who were generally people from small towns who later lived in cities, focused primarily on these children and their problems. The goals of the reformers were to change the meaning of childhood and help people understand how children should really be treated. A child growing up in the nineteenth century was expected to live an adult life by an early age. â€Å"In the colonial period in America, once children became toddlers they were considered as miniature adults-in-the-making.† (Twenty-First Annual Report 1901) They would do chores and labor even at the age of six. Some would enter the work force and be exposed to harmful†¦show more content†¦The two women were passionate about their work and strived to get the information on healthy childhoods out to mothers in order to restore the meaning of childhood. Not only did it help mothers better understand how to handle their situations, but also decreased the infant mortality rate. The progressive reformers analyzed that parents provided poor diets for their children causing malnutrition and diarrhea. This was a huge cause to the death of infants and toddlers. The Bureau hoped to educate families to weaken the child mortality rate and hopefully create a better understanding o f how a child should be raised. The reformers were very successful in many ways. The advice they gave out to mothers helped save man y children and help define a healthy childhood. For example, one response of the Children’s Bureau was, â€Å"the infant is especially sensitive to uncleanliness.† (Ladd-Taylor 1986) This made it clear to mothers that the child must be exposed to a clean and healthy environment in order to prevent diseases or sicknesses from arising. Not only the clothing of the child should be clean, but also its food, bedding, or anything else it may come in contact with. The reformers also feel that children should not be guided into the workplace to work with dangerous and unhealthy conditions. They believe a child should be raised and nurtured by loving parents until they reach anShow MoreRelatedLiterature for Children in the 19th Century897 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature for children in the 19th century Since the view of childhood changes in the nineteenth century, the potential of children’s literature becomes evident. With the reference to the sources of children’s literature, they can be traced back to alterations in translation and in the literature for adults, where a child or childhood are essential concepts; moreover folk literature is concerned to be a wide source for this literary genre. According to Peter Hunt Children before theRead MoreLiterature for Children in the 19th Century909 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature for children in the 19th century Since the view of childhood changes in the nineteenth century, the potential of children’s literature becomes evident. With the reference to the sources of children’s literature, they can be traced back to alterations in translation and in the literature for adults, where a child or childhood are essential concepts; moreover folk literature is concerned to be a wide source for this literary genre. According to Peter Hunt Children before the seventeenthRead More Homeless and Neglected Children in the 19th Century Essay example2098 Words   |  9 PagesNeglected Children in the 19th Century   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his novel Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain creates a fictional character that must confront very real problems as a result of cultural and social issues of the time.   Many of these such issues, slavery and race relations being the most prominent, are dealt with significantly by the author, but another issue not addressed in any sort of overtly significant manner is the plight of homeless, neglected, and otherwise abused children in the 19th century.   WhileRead MoreThe Damages Caused by Canadian Residential Schools for Indigenous Children in the 19th Century1618 Words   |  7 Pagesnineteenth century, the government of Canada felt it had an obligation to the nations people to educate the Indigenous population of the country. The federal government sought to pursue this task through the development of residential schools. Under this system, framed by the Davin Report, Congregations of Christian missionaries were responsible for providing compulsory educa tion to Indigenous children within governmentally constructed schools. They were charged with assimilating these children into mainstreamRead MoreChapter 24 Discussion Questions952 Words   |  4 Pageswomen’s status change during the 19th Century? Women usually did not work in the factories in 19th century Europe. It became expected of them to stay home and take care of the children. They formed bonds with their children because of the decrease in infant mortality rates and genuinely loved their husbands because people married out of love, not for economic reasons. Women had legal inferiority to their husbands and worked to change that throughout the 19th century. They campaigned for equalRead MoreTrends Of Reproduction Persist Into The 19th Century844 Words   |  4 Pagesinto the 19th Century Likewise, Ottoman sultanate’s traditions of reproduction also translated into 19th century Istanbul. Much like the royal concubines before them, after marriage, the role of women in Istanbul was still to give birth to children and raise them to be successful adults. With a fertility decline in Istanbul in the 19th century, it became more significant for women to give birth to her husband’s children. Duben and Behar states that pronatalists in Istanbul associated children with theRead MoreDominance over Women by Men Essay905 Words   |  4 Pagesthoroughly acknowledges the various struggles experienced by a typical woman in the 19th century. Henrik Ibsen’s play, A Dolls House illustrates the 19th century as a time period when equality among genders was not accepted. The roles of men and women in 19th century consist dominantly of the male, which is exhibited through the household, society, and the workforce. Primarily, the typical household in the 19th century indicated the male dominance. As the head of the household and ethical leader,Read MoreA Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen868 Words   |  3 Pagesis used to establish power roles between the characters of the play, and how the theme contributes to typical gender roles in the 19th century. A womans duty in the 19th century was to exhibit â€Å"piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity,† This was the â€Å"cult of true Domesticity† in the 19th century (Radek). Depending on their social class, women in the 19th century were seldom allowed to handle money. Lower class women, however, were allowed to work as servants in a masters home, nannies, factoryRead MoreThe Evolution Of Technology In The 21st Century881 Words   |  4 PagesToday, in the 21st century technology is all around. Walking down the street, people from the age of 9 to 90 is on some type of technology. It has gotten to the point that everything purchasable today has technology built into it. That was not the case in the 19th century. Back then technology was scarce. Everyday scientist create new and improved ways to benefit lives with the use of technology. The evolution of technology is remarkable when looked at from a far. Society now a day is all aboutRead MoreWomen Struggles During The 19th Century923 Words   |  4 PagesLabarron Collins Professor Griffin ENG 251- 02 25 September 2014 Women Struggles in the 19th Century Since the beginning of time women have struggled to prove themselves to society so that people understand they are just as good as men. However, society has made a mockery of women for years. Using women for sex appeal and for personal gains. Women were those who stayed home cleaning, took care of the children, and prepared meals for the family. This sounds quite familiar with today’s society, but

Economic Questions Free Essays

Because of scarcity, every nation is faced with â€Å"The 3 K eye Economic Questions: Who – consumes the goods services produced in society? â€Å"For whom? ‘ is a public choice question. All economic systems must determine e which goods and services will be available for public use and which for private use. What -?goods services should be produced? â€Å"What to produce? ‘ is an allocation question. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now All economic systems must date ermine how to allocate productive resources in the form of land (natural resources/ raw materials), labor (work for which we earn pay) and capital (human education job training) (physical buildings, equipment tools). How – should goods services be produced? â€Å"How to produce? † is an efficiency question. All economic systems must deter mine how goods and services will be produced. How do different economic systems respond to the 3 Key Economic questions ? First of all, we need to define exactly what an â€Å"Economic System† is: The institutional framework of formal and informal rules that a society uses t o determine what to produce, how to produce and how to distribute goods and services. Another, more popular term for economic system is economy. An economy, o r economic system, is he structural framework in which households, businesses, and governments undertake the production and consumption decisions that allocate limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants and needs. An economic system is primarily characterized by its key institutions, especial y those relating to the ownership and control Of resources and the means Of production. Two realtor economic systems that differ based on key institutions are capitalism and communism. Capitalism is an economic system in which ownership and control is largely in private hands (b genuineness and households), as opposed to public hands (government). One of the key institute actions underlying capitalism is private property rights. Communism, in contrast, is an economic system in which ownership and control predominately rests with government. Socialism is a the rid noted economic system that borrows institutions from both capitalism and communism. Economic systems can be categorized according to who makes most Of the De concisions in an economy. Most economies can generally categorized as one of two kinds: ; Market Economy An economy that relies on a system of interdependent market prices to local tee goods, services, and productive resources and to coordinate the diverse plans of con mummers and producers, all of them pursuing their own selflessness. ; Command Economy An economy in which most economic Issues of production and distribution AR e resolved through central planning and control. So, how do different economic systems respond to the three basic economic questions? In a socialist or command system, the central authority determines what, how, an d for whom goods and services will be produced. A Mixed System incorporates elements of both corn and and market systems in determining answers to the three questions. Mixed economies wit h Strong market monuments also include a public goods and services sector, just as command economies like Cuba include a private goods and services sector. In a market economy, most of the decisions in the economy about what to pr educe, how to produce it and who receives it are made by individuals and firms. At the other end of the spectrum: In a command economy, government officials make most of the decisions in t he economy about what to produce, how to produce it and who receives it. Most economic systems also contain elements of tradition or repeating decide ions in ways made at an earlier time or by an earlier generation. Today, nearly all economies are actually mixed, in that some economic decisions are made by individuals and private firms, but some e are also made by government officials, either through rules and regulations or through govern mentored firms. The U. S. Economy leans toward the marionettes side of the spectrum. An economy like Cuba or North Korea is near the command economy side of the spectrum. Buy t the dividing line between market and command economies in most nations is blurry rather the an bright. Market Economies (â€Å"Capitalism Capitalism is undoubtedly at the top of any list of economic systems operating in the modern world. This system is based on: (1) private appropriative ownership of resource recess and the means of production, (2) individual illiberality freedom on the part of the resource o Wieners to use their resources as they see fit, and (3) competitive markets system of relatively co imitative markets. Ender capitalism, governments establish the basic rules of the game and are responsible for the production of public goods, but the vast majority of resource allocation De concisions are undertaken by individuals, as either consumers or producers. The United States is one of the more noted examples of capitalism. However, most modern industrialized economies of Europe, A sia, North America, and South America operate under capitalism. Command Economies (â€Å"Socialism†) In theory, socialism is the transition between capitalism and communism and is based on: (1) government ownership of resources and the means of production, (2) worker control of government, and (3) income distributed according to needs. As practiced in the real world, socialism is an economic system based on (1) nationalized intergovernmental ownership and control 01 of key industries and (2) central polycrystalline detailed, but not comprehensive, resound:e local ion decision making by the central government. Ender real world socialism, governments exert extensive control over resource e allocation decisions, primarily involving key industries such as transportation, energy pr deduction, communication, and health care. While Sweden exemplifies modern socialism, several Europe an nations have practiced varying forms of socialism over the decades. Command Economies (â€Å"Communism†) In theory, communism is an economic system based on : (1) a classless society , (2) common ownership of resources, (3) no government, and (4) income distributed accord ins to needs. How to cite Economic Questions, Papers Economic Questions Free Essays string(55) " as well as the Chinese people and the Chinese nation\." QUESTION 1 What are the THREE (3) basic economic questions that all economies must answer? Describe the differences in the way capitalism and socialism answer these questions. Scarcity, Choices, Opportunity Costs We live in a finite world. No matter how seemingly bountiful the quantity of our natural resources may be or how carefully human try to conserve them, if we keep using them, they eventually are going to run out. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our tastes for goods and services are virtually limitless and this creates scarcity. Like the Rolling Stones song says, â€Å"You can’t always get what you want. Because we can’t have it all, we’re forced to make choices. When we making a particular decision, we forsake opportunity to choose the alternative option. Briefly, opportunity cost analysis is an important part of decision making process. All economies must decide WHAT to produce, How to produce and FOR WHOM to produce with its limited resources. These are the three basic economic questions that every society must consider when making choices. 1) What goods and services will be produced? – 2) How will they be produced? 3) For whom will they be produced? Economic system refers to the way in which the society solves the basic economic problems of scarcity of resources. Different economic systems have addressed the three basic questions in radically different ways. [Samuelson 2005, pg. 7] Capitalism In a capitalist system, economic questions are answered by buyers and sellers at mutually agreeable terms. Capitalism refers to an economic system based on a free market, open competition and profit motive in which property is owned by either private individuals or corporation. Capitalism encourages private investment and business, compared to a government-controlled economy. In a capitalist economic system most productive assets are held by private owners, and most decisions regarding production and consumption is made by the use of ‘price mechanism’ in the market rather than government fix. Most prices are determined by the interchange of numberless and typically anonymous buyers (demand) and sellers (supply) within a competitive markets. The law of supply and demand is what drives the free market economy. Supply and demand is what sets the prices of goods and services in the free market economy. As supply goes up the prices go down. When the demand goes up the prices go up. Due to low government control, people are free to spend their money the way they want to. Capitalism thus suggests a system of economic regulation that involves minimal government involvement. The authorities do not have a say in the economic decisions of individuals. Some examples of countries close to capitalism are The United States of America, Germany, and England. Under fully developed capitalism, like in the USA, it is the class of capitalists that exploits the class of workers. [FLVS, 2000-2006](Online) Socialism On the other end of the spectrum is a socialist system. The answers to the basic economic questions are made by a central authority, usually the government. Socialism is an economic system whereby the means of production are seized and monopolized by the government without compensation to the builders of the capital, and where investments, production, distribution, income, prices, and economic justice are subject to administer substantially by the government. Socialism seeks to prioritize human welfare over other goals, such as profit and wealth. In socialism, there is very little private property and the government is directed for all major economic decisions including prices. A central authority draws up plans that establish what will be produced and when, sets targets and objectives, and makes rules for allocation of resources accordingly to achieve the targets. Individuals are not allowed to take risks so there are no rewards to benefit from. China, Vietnam, North Korea and Cuba are example of socialist countries. Ranjeeta Prasad, May 2000](Online) QUESTION 2 For many years American referred to the peoples’ Republic of China as â€Å"Communist China. † Why would that label be misleading today? Communist China The Communist Party of China is the ruling political party of the People’s Republic of China. The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921 and the party was small at first, but grew intermittently through 1920s. It became formally allied with the Kuomingtang (KMT) in 1923. In 1927 the Communist Party of China split from the Kuomingtang party. The only major section of the party which survived was the section built around Mao Zedong. The Peoples’ Republic of China was regarded as Communist China. Since it was established in 1949, it has been led by the Communist Party of China. Chairman Mao is the founder of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 and one of the founders of the Chinese Communist party in 1921. He is known as one of the most prominent Communist theoreticians. The Communist Party of China takes Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents as its guide to action. From 1921 to 1949, the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people in their tough armed struggle and finally succeeded in overthrowing the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism and establishing the People’s Republic of China (PRC). After the founding of the PRC, the CPC led the Chinese people of all ethnic groups in defending the independence and security of the country, successfully completing the transition from new democratic revolution to socialist revolution, carrying out systematic large-scale socialist construction, and achieving economic and cultural progress unparalleled in Chinese history. From 1979, the CPC began to carry out the reform and opening-up policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping. In more than two decades since the initiation of the reform and opening-up, China’s economic and social development has been crowned with remarkable success and the country has taken on a new look. This has been the best period since the founding of the PRC in which the Chinese people have reaped the most material benefits. The Communist Party of China is the forefront of the Chinese working class as well as the Chinese people and the Chinese nation. You read "Economic Questions" in category "Essay examples" It is the core of leadership for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The Party represents the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of China’s advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people (the Three Represents). The Chinese Economic Reform From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Online], the Chinese Economic Reform refers to the program of economic reforms called â€Å"Socialism with Chinese characteristics† in the People’s Republic of China that were started in 1978 within the Communist Party of China led by Deng Xiaoping and are ongoing as of the early 21st century. The goal of Chinese economic reform was to create sufficient surplus value to finance the modernization of the mainland Chinese economy. The initial challenge of economic reform was to solve the problems of motivating workers and farmers to produce a larger surplus and to remove economic imbalances that were common in command economies. Economic reforms started in the late 1970s and early 1980s consisted of opening trade with the outside world, instituting the household responsibility system in agriculture, by which farmers could sell their surplus crops on the open market. The economic reforms of the late 1980s and early 1990s focused on creating a pricing system and decreasing the role of the government in resource allocations. The reforms of the late 1990s focused on closing unbeneficial enterprises and dealing with insolvency in the banking system. Chinese economic reform has been an economic success, generating over two decades of rapid economic growth. The standard of living of most Chinese has improved markedly since 1978. Throughout China one can observe the fast modernization of infrastructure, such as new superhighways, airports, and telecommunications conveniences. The first parts of Chinese economic reform involved implementing the household responsibility system in agriculture by which farmers were able to maintain surplus over individual plots of land rather than farming for the collective. This was followed by the establishment of Township and Village Enterprises (TVE’s), which were industries owned by townships and villages. The second phase of reform occurred in the 1980s and was aimed at creating market institutions and converting the economy from a government-controlled economy to market economy. This difficult task of price reform was achieved using the dual-track pricing system, in which some goods and services were allocated at state controlled prices, while others were allocated at market prices. At the end of 1988, in reaction to a surge of inflation caused by accelerated price reforms, the leadership introduced an austerity program. China’s economy regained momentum in the early 1990s. During a visit to southern China in early 1992, China’s paramount leader at the time, Deng Xiaoping, made a sequence of political pronouncements designed to refresh the process of economic reform. The 14th Party Congress later in the year backed Deng’s renewed push for market reforms, stating that China’s key task in the 1990s was to create a â€Å"socialist market economy. † The 10-year development plan for the 1990s stressed continuity in the political system with bolder reform of the economic system. . QUESTION 3 How far has China evolved into a market economy? To what degree has this evolution contributed to China’s economic growth? Effect of the Economic Reform Gross Domestic Product (GDP) GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product and is defined as the total market value of all the goods and services produced within the borders of a nation during a specified period. Since economic reforms, China’s economy has grown substantially faster than the pre-reform period (see Table 1). Chinese statistics show real GDP from 1979 to 2004 growing at an average annual rate of 9. 3%, making China one of the world’s fastest growing economics. Real GDP grew by 9. 5% in the first quarter of 2005. Time Period Average Annual % Growth 1960-1978 (pre-reform) 5. 1979-2004 (post-reform) 9. 3 1990 3. 8 1991 9. 3 1992 14. 2 1993 13. 5 1994 12. 7 1995 10. 5 1996 9. 7 19978. 8 1998 7. 8 1999 7. 1 2000 8. 0 2001 7. 3 2002 8. 0 2003 9. 1 2004 9. 1 2005 (first quarter) 9. 5 Table 1. China’s Average Annual Real GDP Growth Rates, 1960-2005* Economic Growth After 1949, the single most important policy objective of the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong was to make China politically uni ted, economically strong, and above all to eliminate poverty. Economic development over the period 1949-78 was very impressive. Apart from the three years of great food crisis in 1959-61, people’s living conditions were rarely much better than in the pre-1949 period. However, due to many political struggles, especially the Great Leap Forward Movement (1958-61) and the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), production incentives were covered up and the economy failed to perform to its potential [Lardy, 1983]. Economic growth in China since 1978 has been magnificent. People’s living standards has been improved. Rising incomes, however, have been unevenly shared among the people. In the early years of reforms (1978-84), massive growth in agricultural production and rural incomes was unleashed by the household production responsibility system and a great improvement in agriculture’s terms of trade. The following decade (1985-94), however, witnessed government’s unhelpful attitude towards rural prosperity, when state policies were geared towards supporting the urban economy and subsidizing state-owned enterprises. Fast growth of TVEs enabled the rural population to improve their living standards considerably. However, uneven development of TVEs has contributed to the ever growing inter-regional inequality among the rural population. In those provinces where TVEs have grown fast, rural people enjoy a similar lifestyle to that of their well off urban counterparts. However, in the backward and still largely agrarian areas, the improvement of living standards has been minor. Although official data show that 200 million people have been lifted out of poverty, when measured using the higher poverty line, China still has 170 million people living in poverty Employment Based on the overview of Wayne M. Morrison, 2005, China will enter a new era of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way in the first two decades of the 21st century. The Chinese Government is clearly aware that in this period the country will still face severe employment pressure due to various factors, such as the huge population base, age structure of the population, population migration, and the process of social and economic development. In the coming 20 years, China’s population above the age of 16 will grow by 5. million annually on average. By the year 2020 the total population of working age will reach 940 million. In the period of the Tenth Five-Year Plan (2001-2005), the population of working age is growing at the fastest rate, increasing by 13. 6 million annually on average. While the population of working age keeps increasing, there are now 150 million rural surplus laborers who need to be transferred, and over 11 million unemployed and laid-of f persons who need to be employed or reemployed. The contradiction between overall supply of and demand for labor is thus sharp, and the problem of structural unemployment, characterized by a mismatch between the quality of the Chinese labor force and job requirements, is becoming more and more conspicuous. However, in the early years of the 21st century there are many favorable conditions for solving China’s employment problem: The Chinese Government pays close attention to the problem of employment, adheres to the principle of putting people first, keeps to the concept of overall, coordinated, sustainable development and promotes the all-round development of society and man, thus aying an ideological basis for further solving the problem of employment. After many years of exploration and practice, the general policy for solving the employment problem has been settled, with a clear direction and matching measures, and a market-oriented employment mechanism has taken shape, thus providing guarantees in policy and mechanism f or solving the problem of employment. The economy keeps developing in a sustained, rapid, coordinated and healthy way, revenue is growing rapidly, the readjustment of the economic structure is progressing smoothly, enterprises are gaining better economic returns and tertiary industry is developing at a faster rate – all these will certainly contribute to increasing job opportunities. The implementation of the strategies for promoting the coordinated development of different areas, such as developing the western region, revitalizing old industrial bases in the northeast and other regions, promoting the rise of the central area, and encouraging faster development of the eastern area, as well as accelerated urbanization, will bring new opportunities for solving the problem of employment. With the in-depth implementation and improvement of various policies for increasing employment, the policy effects will be further released and the environment for employment and starting businesses will be further improved. Standard of Living Before 1949 the Chinese economy was characterized by widespread poverty, extreme income inequalities, and endemic insecurity of livelihood. By means of centralized economic planning, the People’s Republic was able to redistribute national income so as to provide the entire population with at least the minimal necessities of life and to consistently allocate a relatively high proportion of national income to productive investment. Equally important to the quality of life were the results of mass public-health and sanitation campaigns, which rid the country of most of the conditions that had bred epidemics and lingering disease in the past. The most concrete evidence of improved living standards was that average national life expectancy more than doubled, rising from around thirty-two years in 1949 to sixty-nine years in 1985 . [geographic. org] (Online) In 1987 the standard of living in China was much lower than in the industrialized countries, but nearly all Chinese people had adequate food, lothing, and housing. In addition, there was a positive trend toward rapid improvements in living conditions in the 1980s as a result of the economic reforms, though improvements in the standard of living beyond the basic level came slowly. Until the end of the 1970s, the fruits of economic growth were largely negated by population increases, which prevented significant advances in the per capita availability of food, clo thing, and housing beyond levels achieved in the 1950s. The second major change in the standard of living came about as a result of the rapid expansion of productivity and commerce generated by the reform measures of the 1980s. After thirty years of austerity and marginal sufficiency, Chinese consumers suddenly were able to buy more than enough to eat from a growing variety of food items. Stylish clothing, modern furniture, and a wide array of electrical appliances also became part of the normal expectations of ordinary Chinese families. How to cite Economic Questions, Essay examples

Obsession for fairer complexion in the sub-continent free essay sample

Objective It is being observed that the obsession for fair skin is increasing among both male and female. Though in our country, most of the people are brown-skinned, they prefer fair skinned people while they chose partners. Black is always considered evil in our country. So, dark people often become the victim of various superstitions. Dark girls find it difficult to get married. Previously women were concerned about getting a fair skin. Now-a-days men are also trying to make their skin some shades lighter. My objective was to determine the reasons behind this obsession as fair skin is not the only pre-requisite of being attractive. Hypothesis None could define beauty perfectly. It is not dependent on anything. Flowers are found in different colors. All flowers are beautiful. The beauty of a shiny clear sky charms us. We also get mesmerized to see the dark sky with glittering stars at night. Everything around us that makes us pleased is beautiful. Even the smile of a child who does not have any teeth can give us enormous pleasure as it has a beauty of its own. In our country we stereotype attractiveness and beauty according to skin color most of the time. Though, in this sub-continent, people relate beauty with fair skin, fair skin is not the only determinant of attractiveness. Methodology Both primary and secondary data has been used in this research. Questionnaires were used to determine the expectations and interest of the students at North South University. A randomly selected sample of 25 students received the questionnaire and 100 percent returns of questionnaire were achieved. Of the respondents, 60 percent were male and 40 percent were female. Among them 23 students were aged between eighteen to twenty-five years of age. Only two students were found in the age range of twenty-six to thirty years of age. For secondary data, I have gathered supporting data from different online magazines, journals, printed journals, magazines etc. Introduction In this era of globalization, world has become a global village. Every moment we are competing with each other to make our own stand. Whole world has become our battle field. All the time people look for a reason to stand aside from the crowd and establish a distinct identity. It is truer in a highly populous country like Bangladesh. People go all the way to shine like a glittering star among all other people. People compete each other to achieve their goal in this race of life. People now know only doing their best is not enough. We need to think of others who are in the same race. Since childhood we are aware that western people has greater grip in science, literature, business, education etc. Middle class people of sub-continent try their best to educate their children so that they can nail English language and achieve the supremacy which is already achieved by English speaking white people. Since childhood, we are grown up with the stories of foreign heroes like Albert Einstein, Shakespeare and take them as role models in our mind. We do not realize we get obsessed with every aspects of their life. Though we are not born with it we try to adopt everything which we think will take us to their level. Big corporations know human psychology well. They try to capitalize every opportunity of making money. They try to make money even playing with human emotions. Big corporations sometimes use media to turn things around them. Corporations are fueling our enormous desire of being singled out from the crowd by propagating that if we are fair skinned we will get better life partner, desired job, money , luxury , confidence, recognition etc. Media has got greater control in human mind in this new era of technology. Media creates and redefines human perception about good or bad, beautiful or ugly etc. Youngsters are agents of change. A youngster always like change and they are quickly adaptable to change . Media sometimes uses to take this attitude of youngsters as a weapon to gain a certain corporate motive. Young generation of this subcontinent always admire western lifestyle and products. Big corporations are trying to capitalize this obsession even by changing concept about human attractiveness. Though fair skin is not equivalent to good look, obsession for fairer skin is increasing among both men and women in this subcontinent. Root of Obsession for being fair There are historical, political and geographic reasons behind the obsession for fair skin in the sub-continent. Jayaprakash (2008) noted that Obsession with fair skin is probably a hangover from the British Rule. The white skinned people tried to ingrain in our mind that they are superior to others and much of the colonization happened in this premise. As Indian history has had a succession of fair-skinned invaders from the north pushing darker-skinned people southwards. Fair skin is therefore associated with power and success. Ahmed (2006) remarked that it is ingrained in colonized culture that fair-skin is civilized and good, and natives or indigenous peoples are dark, uncivilized and dangerous. Ahmed (2006) added that many of the gods that are portrayed as blue-skinned in Hindu religion were originally Dravidians and as the colonizers/Aryans spoke of the darker Dravidians as being ugly, making their gods blue was a way of coding the dark skin, in a manner that still made them acceptable as gods. People associate historical economic status with skin color in this sub-continent. Dark skin is associated with labour and field work in the sun, and fair skin with wealth, aristocracy and higher education. Femininity and class have interacted to produce the ideas of fair as beautiful. Fair was considered beautiful because it indicates women belong to rich family and didnt work outside to do manual labour and stayed inside, and it was only peasants (chasha-bhusha) who worked out in the sun, and got dark. (Ahmed, 2006) Our culture is influencing our obsession for fair skin. The idea that fair is lovely is easier to unpack if we phrase its opposite, namely that to be dark is considered ugly. Culturally dark is considered malevolent and evil. The fairness of skin is a yardstick of purity and innocence. In Bangladesh, fair (or pink-complexioned) women as heroines variously cast in roles of virtuous wife, virginal bride, loving mother or sister etc. Women belonging to the pantheon of Bengali folk myths when visually represented are also fair-skinned. (Ahmed, 2006) These complexion-based rifts were further emphasized through religion. Hindu mythology, for example, depicts heroic tales of fair-skinned benevolent gods, such as Ram and Shiva, fighting the darker-skinned devils and demons, analogous to the Aryan versus Dravidian battle. Religious stories, such as that of Lord Shiva ridiculing his wife, Goddess Parvati, for her dark-skin color, remain part of the religious literature: One day the god Shiva teased his wife, the goddess Parvati, about her dark skin; he calledher Blackie (Kali) and said that her dark body against his white body was like a black snake coiled around a pale sandalwood tree. When she responded angrily, they began to argue and to hurl insults at one another. Furious, she went away to generate inner heat in order to obtain a fair, golden, skin. (Padma Purana, Hindu religious text) In Quran it is said that â€Å"We shall marry them (believers) to Hooris (female fair ones) with wide, lovely eyes† (Al- Dukhan 44:54) One could argue that these scriptures were not meant to promote racism based on skin color, but nevertheless they have created stereotypes in the minds of the readers and followers-stereotype that have lingered for generations. Fair Skin and Marriage Looking for a slim, homely and fair girl for our son that is usually how most matrimonial ads read, the stress being on the word fair. Many say it is proof of our obsession with a persons skin color (â€Å"Indian Obsession†, 2009). Most women is concerned about good marriage but in rural areas dark women are usually married off to someone much older or the girls side need to offer a higher dowry than usual to make up their darkness. Mothers become anxious when their baby girls turn out to be dark as this puts their daughters at a disadvantage in the marriage market. Many young women are rejected and humiliated when they are checked out by the prospective groom and his relatives because of dark complexion. Would-be mothers-in-law crave for fair-skinned brides for their sons and men of all ages prefer lighter-skinned partners. As a result, women from all socio-economic backgrounds go to unbelievable lengths to become just a little whiter. Now-a-days even young girls are conscious about not getting tanned in the sun. In our country bridal make-ups are done in way so that the bride look lighter skinned on their wedding day so that they are praised and appreciated on the big day. (Islam, 2005) Fair Consciousness among Male Aspiration for lighter complexion is considered the prerogative of women. This perception is no longer valid. In recent years educated, affluent men or men with well-paid jobs have emerged as a group that seeks to improve what nature has endowed them. A number of exclusive salons for men in Dhaka testify that in the race for beauty men are not lagging far behind. Though the trend is a recent one, the number of men visiting beauty salons is certainly on the increase. (Khan Zaman, 2006) Islam, Ahmed, Karim Amin (2006) said that Beauty salons for men are springing up offering a wide range of treatments, among them those that promise to lighten the skin. Thus it is not a strange thing to see men slathered with fair polish or bleaching creams braving it out on the reclining chair in the hope of a fairer complexion. Whats more, theres a new product in the market called Fair and Handsome that promises to make a man a few shades lighter over several weeks of use. It seems the standard of tall, dark and handsome doesnt conform to the South Asian ideal anymore. Asian men no longer believe that fairness is only for women. Now-a-days Asian men want a skin tone which is very close to fair. Fairness cream for men is highly being promoted in the market. Indian men, as well as their counterparts in other Asian countries, including Korea and Japan are turning to fairness cream. According to trade analysts, men’s fairness products are valued at Rs 30 million, and constitute 35 percent of the market. (â€Å"Fairness Cream†, n. d) â€Å"And so women, and, actually, even many men (32 percent of consumers of fairness creams in India, apparently), make the sun their worst enemy and go in search of their true complexion (usually brought out in four to six weeks) in tubes and sachets and pots and packs, generally costing between Tk 6 and Tk 50. † (Islam, 2005) Advertising via celebrity endorsements for skin-whitening products has had profound influence in making fairness creams popular among men. Sportsperson like Tamim Iqbal, Shahid Afridi are also endorsing Fair Lovely-Men’s active. They claim this product saves their skin from getting dark while they play in the sun. Shevde (2008) said that Shah Rukh Khan has been signed on as the new brand ambassador for the recently launched male beauty cream Fair Handsome. This has resulted in a mass following for the product based on the deadly combination of Khans appeal as a Bollywood personality and his ratification of the fairness cream as an element of his success. This product has had astounding success, even though there are strong taboos against Indian men using cosmetics creams for beautification purposes. Khan Zaman (2006) claimed that in a globalised culture looks are a serious matter. Good look is one of the criteria of getting a good job especially in multinational companies. However, good looks are not only important for social acceptance but also for self-esteem which is deeply attached to it. How one wants to project oneself in the society is something that is very important and it is eternally tied to the ability to take care of ones appearance. A well-groomed look certainly goes to bolster ones confidence. Corporations and Media In South Asia the preference for fair skin has been exploited by the manufacturers of fairness creams. International cosmetics giants were the initial manufacturer. However, now-a-days local companies are also producing fairness creams. Fairness creams have been estimated to account for up to 40% of the profits of the cosmetics industry. (Shankar, Giri Palaian, 2006) The emergence of a paler global entertainment industry has served as a stimulus to the marketing of an international beauty ideal. Beauty pageant winners are usually extraordinarily tall and breathtakingly slim, have light honey-colored skin, and peddle Western ideals of beauty. Fairness cream manufacturers sponsor beauty pageants and carry out an advertising blitz in the print and audiovisual media. (Shankar, Giri Palaian, 2006) Shankar et al. (2006) observed that Fairness cream manufacturers have exploited the preference for fair skin as they have portrayed it as a necessary prerequisite for success in all aspects of life starting from career to relationship and promoted the use of their product to achieve the ideal. Many leading manufacturers have expanded their range to include fairness lotions, cold creams, and soaps and creating hype about their product. Islam et al (2006) concluded that, in mid and late 1990, fairness product ads, while still maintaining the husband-catching function, also began to focus on things like self-confidence, success and prosperity which will be brought by fairness. Women are showed to become more confident as their beauty open doors to success. A controversial ad was multinational company Unilevers Fair and Lovelys airhostess ad. This ad shows a father unable to afford tea with his sole pension. He sighs, longing for a support (He actually longed for a son). His dark-skinned daughter, realizing her inferiority and incapacity in providing this, becomes determined to be an airhostess and does so by using the fairness cream and then takes her father to a posh hotel for coffee. Some television ads show that a dark-skinned woman who is maintaining the Fair Lovely skin-whitening routine before the arrival of a prospective groom can instantly make him fall in love with her due to the radiant glow on her newly beautified face. Some ads depict the benefits of having lighter skin in the professional beauty industry. These ads are determined to give this message that if one buys the fairness product can make her family proud, look beautiful, and secure a wonderful husband-all of which are considered to be vital determinants of a womans happiness in the highly patriarchal and male-dominated society. Oddly, the current brand Proposition for the cream—Fair and Lovely: The Power of Beauty—implies a more modern message about choice and economic empowerment. (Shevde, 2008) Islam (2005) said that For ages, weve been taught and weve taught that fair means beautiful, and with outer beauty comes every other success in life. In the modern day and age, businesses pick up on this obsession, advertise like mad to create demand lest we stray from our inherent beliefs, and provide us with just what we want and desperately need. And, for most of us, who just want to look like everyone else, this is fine. Who are we to want diversity, to challenge the stereotyped, i. e. , accepted notions of beauty and glamour and success and set our own standards and trends? Fairness Cream and Skin Disease Scientists say that brown skin is better as it can protect itself more from ultra violet ray as it has more melanin. The chemical that are used in fairness products are harmful and may lead to skin cancer at it destroys the protective melanin of the skin. Islam et al (2006) reported that Dermatologists claim that there is no such thing as a fairness cream, certainly not without using skin-bleaching agents such as hydroquinone, steroids, mercury salts, and a number of other ingredients including bismuth subnitrate, hydrogen peroxide, magnesium peroxide and zinc peroxide. All of these ingredients, says Prof ABM Faroque, Chair, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, can cause, among more serious health hazards, nephrotoxicity, mercury toxicity and serious allergic reactions. Nephrotoxicity refers to irritation to nephrons in the kidney, causing kidney damage. Mercury toxicity includes effects like metallic taste, increased thirst, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhoea, nephritis, decreased flow of urine, colitis or constipation, tremors, anaemia, and skin problems. Mercury has adverse effects on the developing brain of a fetus. Survey Findings I conducted a survey among 25 students of North South University. Most of respondents were of age in between 18-30. Among our respondents 15 students were male and 10 students were female. They gave their opinion for various questions. Among the 25 students 40% people reported that they are extremely satisfied with their own complexion. 12% said they are not satisfied and 48% said they want to be fairer. Among my respondents 80% said people need not be fair skinned to be beautiful or handsome. However, 20% believes a person need to be fair skinned to be beautiful or handsome. Among the respondents 56% said they do not have any preference for a particular skin-tone while choosing partners. However, 44% of them said skin tone maters to them while choosing partner. Among the respondents , 24% said they never edit photo to look fairer before uploading it on social networking sites. 32% of them said they all the time edit photo before uploading it. Another 16% said they sometimes edit photo and 28% said they edit photo most of the times. Among our respondents 50% said they use make-up or do facial before going to parties. Another 50% reported they do these activities sometimes. People who reported their affirmation for these activities were women. Among 25 respondents, 11 reported that fair skin sometimes can make a person more confident. 8 persons said all of the time fair skin can give confident. Another one person reported it stimulates confidence most of the time. Among our respondents 12 agreed that fair skinned people get attention very easily. Seven people reported sometimes it helps to get attention whereas another four persons said i helps most of the time. Only one person said it does not help at all. Among our respondents 10 people said that skin tone sometimes play a role in career success. However, eight persons totally disagreed that. Three persons informed fair skin can play a role most of the time. Three respondents said that fair skin has an enormous contribution to career success all the time. 35% of the respondents reported that fair skinned people enjoy better marriage proposals all the time. 23% said it happens most of the times and another 15 % reported sometimes it may happen. However, the rest 27% people completely denied the link among fair skin and relationship etc. Alarmingly 68% of the respondents believe that now-a-days people are more attracted to physical features. They do not pay attention to inner qualities. While choosing partner they give highest preference in the physical attribute of the partner. In the open-ended question, I asked the respondents to specify the physical attributes that they want in their partner. Most of them said they do not have any preference. They crave for beautiful minds. However, some respondents have bias for certain physical features. Tousif, another student said that â€Å"I want my wife to be fair†. Mushfekun Nahar said, â€Å"I like tall and slim guy†. Limitations I faced lots of limitation during our preparation of this report and they are : Word limit: In this report we have certain word limit, so it is not possible to focus on each and every topic in details within this word limit. Limitation of time: Time was a big barrier for me as I had to collect information then had to analyze it and finally had to prepare information based on that information. The collecting information was in primary basis so it was also hard to have selected people. Moreover, North South Students is not a perfect representation of the overall population of the country. I have found only people of only a certain age group and economic class. Young people may lie as well to prove them more progressive. Conclusion From the survey, it can be concluded that North South University students have mixed feelings for complexion. However, this does not prove that obsession for fair skin is not increasing in the sub-continent and people are now no longer preference for marrying fair partner. A fair-skinned person is considered attractive regardless of whether that person has a symmetrical face or a healthy figure. People who would not be considered attractive in the United States are considered beautiful in the sub-continent because of their light skin. Some who are considered unattractive because of darker skin would be considered attractive in countries outside of this subcontinent whereas, many fair-skinned Americans and Europeans use tanning salons and fake cream to darken their skin . It indicates complexion cannot be the yardstick of good looks and attractiveness. There is no logic to conclude that fair and beauty go hand in hand. However, people should be judged by their inner beauty, not by appearance. References Fairness cream (n. d). Retrieved from http://www. copperwiki. org/index. php/Fairness_CreamIslam, K. (2005, February, 4). The fair factor. Star Weekend Magazine, 4(32) Retrieved from http://www. thedailystar. net Islam, K. , Ahmed, H. , Karim, E. , Amin, A. (2006, May, 12). Fair factor. Star Weekend Magazine, 5(94) Retrieved from http://www. thedailystar. net Jayaprakash (2008, March 14). Fair skin obsession in India [Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from http://www. window2india. com/cms/admin/article. jsp? aid=680 Khan, I. , Zaman, M. (2006, July, 21). Male grooming. Star Weekend Magazine, 5(104) Retrieved from http://www. thedailystar. net Ray,S. (n. d), Does fair mean Beautiful? Retrieved from http://worldhaveyoursay. wordpress. com/2010/03/24/does-fair- mean-beautiful/ Shankar, P. , Giri, B. , Palaian, S. (2006) Fairness creams in South Asia— A case of disease mongering? PLoS Med 3(7): e315. DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pmed. 0030315 Shevde, N. (2008) Alls Fair in Love and Cream: A Cultural Case Study of Fair Lovely in India. Advertising Society Review, 9(2) The Indian obsession with fair skin. (2009). Retrieved from http://articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/2009-10- 01/beauty/28105867_1_skin-colour-fair-skin-obsession Appendix-A QUESTIONNAIRE This survey is intended to know why the obsession for fair skin in increasing in the subcontinent. The findings will be used in a research. Please tick the answer which seems appropriate to you. Name: Gender: Male / Female Age: a. 18-25 b. 26-30 c. 31-35 d. 35 and above Occupation: Relationship Status: a. Single b. Married c. Engaged d. In a relationship 1. How do you define your complexion? a. I am dark b. I am fair. c. I am yellow skinned. d. Others. 2. Are you satisfied with your complexion? a. I am extremely satisfied of my complexion. b. I am not satisfied with my complexion. c. I want fairer skin. d. I want darker skin. 3. Do you think people need to be fair to be beautiful/handsome? a. Yes b. Sometimes c. Not necessarily 4. Do you think skin complexion is a matter of concern for you when you will chose boyfriend/girlfriend/husband/wife? a. Always b. Sometimes it matters c. Never d. Rarely 5. Do you use skin lightening product? a. Always b. Never c. I don’t use but I want to use d. Sometimes I use. 6. Do you go to beauty salon regularly to take care of your skin? a. Always b. Never c. I don’t go but I want to go d. Often 7. Do you edit your photos in Photoshop/Picasa and make your skin lighter before uploading it on social networks (Facebook, Tweeter etc. )? a. Always b. Never c. Most of the times. d. Sometimes. 8. When you go out for a party (birthday, wedding etc) ,do you use make up (or do facial ) so that you look fairer? a. Yes b. No c. Most of the times. d. Sometimes. 9. Why Do you think fairer skin can give you more confident? a. Because I feel good b. People find me good c. Don’t have any idea d. Others_ 10. Do you think skin tone has an important role to play in career success? a. Yes b. No c. Most of the times d. Sometimes 11. Have you ever experienced that people are getting better grades, job prospects and better married life for their attractive Physical features? a. Yes b. No c. Most of the times d. Sometimes 12. Do you believe now-a-days it is equally important to have good physical features along with intelligence and personal qualifications? a. Yes b. No c. Most of the times d. Sometimes 13. Have you ever got dumped, refused , rejected or were ridiculed for your skin colour? a. Yes b. No c. others_ d. Refused to answer. 14. What do you want in your girlfriend/boyfriend/wife/husband? (If you have any preference for any physical attribute like being fair, tall, skinny etc. ) (Tell me your fantasies)