ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM essays

ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM essays Enlightened despots believed that political change could best come from above; from the ruler. However, they were encouraged by the philosophers to make good laws to promote human happiness. How did these monarchs differ from earlier unenlightened monarchs of the past? The difference lay in tempo. These new despots acted abruptly and desired quicker results. They were impatient with all that stood in the way of their reforms. In addition, they justified their authority on the grounds of usefulness, not divine right. These new monarchs were rational and reformist and they regarded political change as possible and desirable. Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II are good examples of Enlightened Despots. Frederick II (Frederick the Great), the most famous Prussian absolute monarch and a military genius, pursued an aggressive foreign policy. In 1740 he seized from Austria the province of Silesia. His action culminated in a major European conflict, the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), in which he was pitted against a powerful European coalition of Austria, Russia, and France. Frederick, aided only by England, barely managed to retain Silesia. In 1772 Frederick shared in the first partition of Poland by annexing western Poland. Frederick the Great was an almost perfect example of the enlightened despot. He was familiar with the ideas of the eighteenth-century reformers and a friend of Voltaire. Many of the philosophers, including Voltaire, felt progress could come faster if the government were directed by a reasonable, benevolent, enlightened despot, who would make his state's welfare his/her highest aim. Frederick the Great was just such a man. Frederick the Great was a dazzling military and administrative success. His passion for military victory and his concern for his subjects provide the (almost) perfect example of the Enlightened Despot. Catherine the Great was the German wife of Peter III. She corresponded acti...

St. Johns College Santa Fe Admissions Information

St. Johns College Santa Fe Admissions Information St. Johns College Santa Fe Admissions Overview: Admissions at St. Johns College in Santa Fe are holistic: the admissions office looks at more than just an applicants grades and test scores. They take in account an applicants writing skills, academic background, letters of recommendation, extracurricular activities, etc. To apply, those interested will need to submit an application, transcripts of high school work, a letter of recommendation, and a personal essay. With an acceptance rate of 63%, St. Johns admits the majority of students each year. If you have any questions, be sure to visit the schools website for more information. Admissions Data (2016): St. Johns College Santa Fe Acceptance Rate: 63%St. Johns College is Test-Optional. The college does not report its scores for national ranking purposes.Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: - / -SAT Math: - / -SAT Writing: - / -ACT Composite: - / -ACT English: - / -ACT Math: - / -SAT comparison for New Mexico collegesACT comparison for New Mexico colleges St. Johns College Santa Fe Description: Located on a 250-acre campus in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in Santa Fe, New Mexico, St. Johns College in Santa Fe has a spectacular location. The Santa Fe college was opened in 1964 as a second campus to  St. Johns College in Annapolis, Maryland. Students have the opportunity to study on either campus. St. Johns College is not for everyone all students have the same curriculum, and all graduate with a Bachelor of Arts in the liberal arts and sciences. The heart of a St. Johns education is reading and discussion focused on mathematics, languages, science and music. All students will graduate with an in-depth understanding of important works of Western civilization. The college has an impressive 8 to 1 student / faculty ratio. Seminars average about 20 students and are taught by two faculty members, and tutorials and labs have 12 to 16 students. Grades are not emphasized at St. Johns, and while students will read many books, they will never use a textbook. The great majority of St. Johns graduates go on to law school, medical school, or graduate school. Despite what the colleges name might suggest, St. Johns has no religious affiliation. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 400  (326 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 56% Male / 44% Female98% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $50,878Books: $650Room and Board: $11,162Other Expenses: $1,000Total Cost: $63,690 St. Johns College Santa Fe Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 97%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 97%Loans: 49%Average Amount of AidGrants: $38,795Loans: $6,735 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Liberal Arts and Sciences (all students at St. Johns College have the same curriculum) Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 83%4-Year Graduation Rate: 43%6-Year Graduation Rate: 49% Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like St. Johns College, You May Also Like These Schools: Hampshire College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphReed College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSwarthmore College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphYale University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphLewis Clark College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNew York University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSt. Olaf College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphKenyon College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBrown University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSouthwestern University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphMarlboro College: Profile

Leader that I admire ( Jesus Christ ) Scholarship Essay

Leader that I admire ( Jesus Christ ) - Scholarship Essay Example Thus everything, Jesus ever did or said is valuable today just as it was that time. This is something that cannot be said of any other being; dead or alive. This therefore is to say that every word and act of Jesus is valuable to all humanity no matter their location or walk in life. Jesus simply became the much needed Light of the World. Jesus was and still is the epitome of love. Jesus loved others so much and He would listen to them without being patronising. The loving nature of Jesus was demonstrated by not only the caring for the people more than the regulations and rules but also by eventually giving His life away so that mankind can be redeemed from sin. This is one of the habits of a great leader; listening and loving others without measure. He taught his disciples as well as His followers to have faith not only in Himself but also God. He emphasised the importance of faith so much that He gave an analogy of the mustard seed, demonstrating that all what is needed is a little amount of faith for one to move mountains. Jesus was a wonderful listener and He listened to all and sundry, without discriminating against anybody. There is nothing as important as lending someone an ear and giving them your time. A great leader anywhere listens not only to his subjects, but also to his own conscience as well as promptings from God. Jesus also saw great potential in people and was willing to make an investment of individuals other people would have easily dismissed, the early followers of Jesus (disciples) were not religious at all, yet Jesus was willing to use them to begin His church. Jesus was also an amazing leader in that He handled criticism positively. When criticised for allowing a prostitute to sit down crying and anointing his feet, Jesus gave them a story which gave more honour to the woman. Jesus thus, handled criticism graciously. It is the story, deeds and love of this Greatest Teacher who ever lived that inspires

Determinants of Internet Use in Iraq-Estimate multinomial probit of Essay

Determinants of Internet Use in Iraq-Estimate multinomial probit of choices of Internet modes - Essay Example This chapter is mainly concerned with the modes of use of Internet connections in Iraq. Some people choose to access the Internet from Internet cafes, some from home, some from work, and other from a combination of modes. There are several determinants of Internet use in Iraq, namely, age, education, employment, utilization, and location. Through use of the multinomial probit function in statistics, these variables will be analyzed in order to more appropriately determine their numerical values and relevancy. Internet access is a way clients of Internet information and services and an Internet service provider (ISP) communicate. Examples of communication technologies that provide Internet access include the public switched telecommunications network include (PSTN), cable TV networks, and satellite systems, and so forth. The Internet has diffused quickly and widely but its spread has been very unbalanced within various regions and countries. The digital divide tends to become wider as DiMaggio et. al. (2001) define the digital divide with regards to inequalities in access to the Internet, extent of use, knowledge of search strategies, quality of technical connections and social support, ability to evaluate the quality of information, and variety of uses. Very little research in information systems has investigated the aspect of consumer choice of technology. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors influencing consumer choice of Internet access option in Iraq. By drawing from theories of technology adoption, 17 factors were identified. Some factors are grouped into categories. For example, the age factor was divided into three groups, namely, â€Å"age1, age2 and age3† (depending on the respondents’ ages). Education, the second factor, was divided into four groups â€Å"edu1, edu2, edu3 and edu4,† according to peoples’ levels of education. The third factor,

Food and Beverage in Indonesia Essay Example for Free

Food and Beverage in Indonesia Essay This document is one of a series of free information tools for exporters produced by New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise provides a wide range of standard services and sophisticated solutions that assist businesses through every stage of the export process. For information or advice, phone New Zealand Trade and Enterprise on 0800 555 888, visit www. nzte. govt. nz, or contact your New Zealand Trade and Enterprise client manager. CONTENTS 1 MARKET STRUCTURE 1. 1 Market Overview 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 2 2 Market Drivers Market Potential Import Trends Key Players in the Market Regulatory Sustainability 3 3 6 7 7 8 9 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 14 MARKET ENTRY AND DEVELOPMENT 2. 1 Market Entry Strategies 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 Points of Differentiation Long Term Strategic Issues for Exporters to Consider Distribution Channels Pricing 3 MARKET RESOURCES AND CONTACTS 2/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1 MARKET STRUCTURE Indonesia is the world’s fourth most populous country with a population of 232. 5 million in 2010, and the largest economy in Southeast Asia. In 2011, New Zealand’s food and beverage exports totalled US$468. 3 million, making Indonesia New Zealand’s 11th largest export destination. i In November 2011, Indonesia provided formal notification of the completion of its internal ratification procedures to enable the ASEAN – Australia – New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA). From 10 January 2012, AANZFTA will open up considerable opportunities for New Zealand businesses. The agreement will allow duty / tariff free access to over 90 percent of New Zealand goods and services by 2015. ii 1. 1 Market Overview In 2010 and 2011, dairy and meat products comprised over 76 percent of New Zealand’s food and beverage exports to Indonesia (2010: US$363 million; 2011: US$381 million). In 2010, Indonesia’s dairy and meat market was worth an estimated US$2 billion. The majority of the population in Indonesia, approximately 85 percent, are Muslim and all slaughtered food and meat (excluding pork) must have halal certification. iii 3/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1. 1. 1 Market by product category Packaged food In 2010, Indonesia’s packaged food market was valued at US$19. 1 billion. The sale of impulse and indulgence products (i. e. chocolates) grew due to increasing affluence. Nutrition and staples (i. e. rice) grew by 31 percent in 2010. Canned / preserved food had a high growth rate of 20 percent in 2010. Indonesia: Sales of Packaged Food by Category: Value 2005-2010 in million USD 2007 Packaged Food Total Nutrition/staples (i. e. rice) Dried Processed Food (i. e. dessert mixes, instant soup) Impulse and Indulgence Products (i. e.chocolate coated biscuits) Bakery Dairy Noodles Baby Food Confectionery Meal Solutions (i. e. tomato pastes). Sweet and Savoury Snacks Oils and Fats Sauces, Dressings and Condiments Frozen Processed Food Ice Cream Canned/Preserved Food Chilled Processed Food Spreads Meal Replacement (i. e. breakfast bars) Pasta Ready Meals (i. e. instant pasta) Snack Bars Soup 13,110 7,876 4,089 4,148 2,111 1,484 1,340 1,257 1,287 1,086 779 759 477 263 245 200 63 62 13 11 4 0. 9 3 2008 14,307 8,798 4,642 4,318 2,201 1,540 1,487 1,398 1,329 1,190 812 909 499 306 269 230 68 65 15 12 4 3 3 2009 14,817. 9,167 4,909 4,404 2,238 1,596 1,526 1,496 1,360 1,244 832 845 510 327 278 251 68 66 16 13 4 3 3 2010 19,100 11,959 6,515 5,506 2,781 2,026 1,999 1,967 1,704 1,634 1,054 1,039 653 439 356 346 86 82 21 17 5 4 4 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: IDR/USD currency; [2007] 9141, [2008] 9699, [2009] 10389. 9, [2010] 9090. 4) 4/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 Fresh food In 2010, the fresh food market in Indonesia had a total volume of 48. 1 million tonnes, making Indonesia the fifth largest fresh food market in the world. During the period 20052010, demand of fresh food increased by 13 percent. iv Indonesia: Fresh food market in Indonesia in million tonnes Starchy Roots Fruits Vegetables Fish and Seafood Meat Sugar and Sweeteners Eggs Nuts Pulses 2007 14,985 10,386 9,095 5,016 1,969 1,778 743 671 222 2008 15,148 10,786 9,356 5,153 2,024 1,825 761 700 224 2009 15,309 11,147 9,613 5,291 2,078 1,872 777 730 227 2010 15,455 11,489 9,868 5,432 2,138 1,914 794 762 230 2011f 15,582 11,787 10,119 5,592 2,188 1,952 808 798 234 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: 2011 forecasts) Wineiv In 2011, the Indonesian wine market was worth approximately US$32 million (RP 275. 4 billion) and retail sales totalled 3. 1 million litres. Wine accounted for only 3 percent of total alcohol sales. Beer is considerably more popular as an alcoholic beverage. During the period 2008-2010, wine volume sales declined by 6 percent. While prices increased, the demand from Indonesian consumers with high disposable incomes and expatriates remained and the number of wine enthusiasts in Indonesia grew. The growth was influenced by western culture and wine events such as wine tasting, wine dinners and classes. The wine market showed an increase in sales by value of 61 percent during the period 2008-2010. v Indonesia: Wine Sales Off-trade Value in million USD Off-trade Volume in million litres 2006 12. 0 3. 3 2007 14. 0 3. 4 2008 15. 0 3. 4 2009 16. 0 3. 3 2010 28. 0 3. 2 2011 32. 0 3. 1 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: IDR/USD currency; [2006] 9159. 3, [2007] 9141, [2008] 9699, [2009] 10389. 9, [2010] 9090. 4, [2011] 8696. 1) 1. 1. 2 Market by distribution channel Mass grocery retail In 2011, traditional retailers, comprising small independent stores and open air markets, accounted for an estimated 77 percent of the total retail sales. vii 5/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 In the organised retail sector, Hypermarkets had the largest market share in 2010, with US$13. 6 billion in sales, followed by supermarkets (US$11 billion) and convenience stores / mini-markets (US$5 billion). During the period 2005-2010, supermarket sales increased by 112 percent, followed by hypermarkets (109 percent) and convenience stores / mini-markets (105 percent). Mass Grocery Retail Sector – Estimated Number of Outlets 2005 Total Convenience Stores / Mini-Markets Supermarkets Hypermarkets Source: Business Monitor International 2006 7,154 3,337 3,173 644 2007 8,530 3,953 3,830 747 2008 9,429 4,334 4,297 798. 2009 10,572 4,871 4,801 900 2010 11,524 5,299 5,252 973 5,912 2,758 2,652 502 1. 2 Market Drivers The following are viewed as key drivers for the food and beverage market in Indonesia: ? The food and beverage market in Indonesia grew in 2010, recovering from the worldwide recession. Purchasing power of middle and upper income consumers revived with an increase of disposable income. Political and economic conditions stabilised and the number of modern retail outlets and food service retailers grew. vi Consumers are embracing the health conscious trend seen throughout the world, as a result of exposure to health education through the media. vi To meet the increasing demand of educated and health conscious consumers, the Indonesian government has taken on initiatives such as the Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate project. Through this US$5 billion project, the government expects to produce almost 2 million tonnes of rice, 2 million tonnes of corn, 2. 5 million tonnes of sugar, 937,000 tonnes of palm oil,167,000 tonnes of soy beans and grazing land for 64,000 cattle. vii In April 2010, taxation on wine increased significantly resulting in an increase in wine prices. Approximately 45 percent of the cost paid by consumers is tax, including sales tax (VAT), excise and import tax. v While traditional markets still account for the majority of retail sales, they face greater pressure on market share as modern retail becomes more popular. While the government tried to discourage the rapid spread of modern retail, it wasn’t successful in enforcing its legislative regulations and modern retailers increased in numbers by using fake permits in some cases. iii ? ? ? ? 6/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1. 3 Market Potential The overall food consumption is forecast to grow by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9. 1 percent to 2015. vii Modern retail, such as hypermarkets are projected to increase in numbers as urban centres expand and demand increases for convenience and added-value products (i. e. rice and noodle ready-meals). However, most consumers in Indonesia remain price sensitive and private label will be a popular alternative as it is perceived as good value rather than cheap. vii The sale of alcoholic beverages is expected to decline with a CAGR of 2. 3 percent during 2010-2015. However, wine is forecast to grow with a CAGR of 1. 4 percent during 20102015 as wine is perceived to be a healthier option than other alcoholic beverages such as beer. v Indonesia has a massive youth population of around 40. 9 million, aged between 15 and 24. This age group tends to be more westernised compared to the older population and is projected to drive demand for mass market products such as confectionary goods. vii There are opportunities for products targeted to improve the condition of specific health problems. These products include calcium fortified milk to prevent osteoporosis, dairy milk for nursing mothers, baby food and products for weight and cholesterol reduction. vi 1. 4 Import Trendsvii In 2010, Indonesia imported an estimated US$8. 1 billion, a growth of 25 percent from 2009. Indonesia is relatively resilient to global trade volatility but reliant on dairy and poultry imports to meet demand. Indonesia: Food and Beverage Trade in million USD 2009 Exports Imports Balance 18,756 6,476 12,280 2010e 24,765 8,120 16,645 2011f 30,406 9,573 20,833 2012f 36,517 11,233 25,284 2013f 43,492 13,172 30,320 2014f 52,167 15,598 36,563 2015f 62,034 18,448 43,585 Source: Business Monitor International (NB: 2010 estimate; 2011-2015 forecasts) 7/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1. 5 Key Players in the Marketvii Food and beverages Nestle Indonesia had the highest market share with sales of US$23. 2 billion in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Nestle has a market leading position in the dairy sector and in its instant noodle category, operates a 50-50 joint venture with Indofood Sukses Makmur. One of Indonesia’s key players in alcoholic beverages is Multi Bintang with 414 employees and US$209. 5 million in sales in 2010. Indonesia: Key Players in the food and beverage market Company Nestle Indonesia Indofood Sukses akmur Terbuka Unilever Indonesia PT Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Mayora Indah Tbk Sari Husada PT Malindo Feedmill Tbk PT Siantar Top Tiga Pilar Sejahtera Food Sub-sector confectionery and dairy miscellaneous food dairy and tea meat and Fish confectionery formula and baby food miscellaneous food Snack food Snack food and instant noodles Sales (US$mn) 23,238** 4,493 2,303 1,764 845 317e 238 89 83 Yearending Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-10 2010 Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-09 No. Of employees 1,232 64,200 3,308 7,095 4,407 902 2,144 4,292 1,925 Year Established 1971 1990 1933 1972 1977 1954 na 1970 na Source: Company Investor Relations, BMI (NB: e = estimate, na = not available, **Includes Papua New Guinea) Mass Grocery Retail Hero Supermarket Tbk had the largest sales within the mass grocery retail sector with US$8. 97 billion in 2010. Hero has a broad range of store formats and offers lower value products while Carrefour, the biggest foreign retailer in Indonesia, dominates the upper end of the market. 8/Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 Key Players in Indonesia’s Mass Grocery Retail Sector, 2011 Parent Company PT Hero Supermark et Tbk PT Sumber Alfaria Trijaya Tbk PT Matahari Putra Prima Tbk Country of Origin Indonesia / Hong Kong Sales, US$ mn 8,971 Financial year 2010 Brand Hero Giant StarMart Indonesia 1,645 2010 Alfamart Alfa Minimart Foodmart Hypermart Cut Price PT Carrefour Indonesia PT Makro Indonesia ** PT Ramayana Lestari Sentosa Tbk PT Indomaret Prismatama PT Lion Superindo PT Alfa Retailindo Tbk France / Indonesia Netherlands Indonesia. Indonesia Belgium / Indonesia Indonesia 1,570*** 656e 639 500e 431* 187 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 Carrefour Makro Ramayana Indomaret Super Indo Alfa Alfa Grosir Gelael Format Supermarket Hypermarket Convenience Store Supermarket Convenience Store Supermarket Hypermarket Discount Store Hypermarket Supermarket Cash Carry Supermarket Convenience Store Supermarket Supermarket Supermarket Supermarket No of outlets 120 38 125 4812 Indonesia 1,615 2009 25 52 9 63 16 20 104 5,174 74 35 8 11. Source: Company Investor Relations, BMI (NB: e = estimate,*Based on Delhaize Group Rest of World Sales,** South Korea’s Lotte acquired Makro in October 2008,***Based on Carrefour’sIndonesia sales. ?Includes franchised, independent stores) 1. 6 Regulatory Information provided in this section is for reference only. When negotiating supply contracts and before beginning actual export, companies are advised to consult closely with their importer or distributor. Duties and tariffs Under AANZFTA there will be tariff free access to more than 90 percent of New Zealand goods by 2015, and the majority of these are food and beverage products. 9/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 Alcoholic beverages in Indonesia including wine are strictly regulated due to the Muslim Law. Wines are subject to 10 percent value added tax (VAT), import tax of 150 percent and income tax of 25 percent. Category A B C Classification Alcoholic beverage with 1-5 percent ethanol content Alcoholic beverage with 5-20 percent ethanol content Alcoholic beverage with 20-55 percent ethanol content Import duty USD 1. 57 / litre IDR 14,000 / litre USD 6. 18 / litre IDR 55,000 / litre USD 14. 00 / litre IDR 125,000 / litre Excise Tax USD 1. 25 / litre IDR 11,000 / litre USD 4. 5 / litre IDR 40,000 / litre USD 14. 61 / litre IDR130,000 / litre For more information, visit the Directorate General of Customs Excise at www. beacukai. go. id or the AANZFTA at www. asean. fta. govt. nz. Licensing and registration requirements Prior to importation of food, companies must follow a registration process which involves a fee of Rp 150,000-3,000,000 (approximately NZ$17-345). The documents needed to register include: ? ? ? ? ?a letter that guarantees safety, quality, nutrition and labelling an authorisation letter from the manufacturer health certificate or certificate of free sale issued by authorised deputy from country of origin an audit report of distribution facilities from NADFC (National Agency of Drugs and Food Control) provincial office. copy of registration approval letter from the NZ company’s importer For more information on licensing and registration, visit National Agency of Drug and Food Control at www. pom. go. id Labelling requirements. All imported food and beverages need to be labelled in Indonesian language and must contain: ? ? ? ? brand name name of product (type of food) list of ingredients net weight or net content or drained weight (if applicable) 10/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage |. February 2012 ? ? ? name and address of parties that produce or import the products into Indonesia registration number date, month and year of minimum durability For more information on labelling, visit the National Agency of Drug and Food Control at www. pom. go. id. Quotas New Zealand wine exports are subject to Indonesia’s import quotas. The Indonesian government increased the import quota for wine to 225,000 cases in 2009, from 80,000 cases in 2008. The number of cases of wine imported in 2008 and 2009 were 77,485 and 191,953 cases respectively. Error! Bookmark not defined. Indonesia has also recently imposed beef quotas which are being reviewed regularly. Halal Halal certification in Indonesia is required for all food derived from animal products, and recommended for companies whose products are targeting the mass retail market. Exporters are advised to check this closely with their importers or distributors in Indonesia. The Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (FIANZ) is recognised by the Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI) for certifying products in New Zealand. They can be contacted at [emailprotected] co. nz. For more information on the overseas market access requirements (including halal requirements), visit the New Zealand Food Safety Authority at www. foodsafety. govt. nz For more information on halal, visit the MUI at www. halalmui. org 1. 7 Sustainabilityviii The Indonesian Government encourages companies to use sustainable packaging and recyclable materials through tax incentives and an awards system. The government plans to boost the environmentally friendly packaging through Industrial Regulations in Indonesia (RUU Perindustrian). Alternatives to plastic packaging such as vegetable material or bio-plastic packaging have been welcomed by the market. Bio-plastic is made from biotic materials (i. e. corn, cassava or micro-biota) and the material is easier to decompose. A national water company, PT Aqua Golden Mississippi, is currently developing a water bottle from vegetable material. The Indonesian Nanotechnology Society is researching a thinner plastic bottle which can be decomposed in 4 to 8 weeks. 11/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 2 MARKET ENTRY AND DEVELOPMENT 2. 1 Market Entry Strategies Indonesia is a price sensitive market, but with the growth of the new generation of middle and high income consumers, the quality of products is of greater importance. Branded and high quality food and beverage products are in demand. The middle high income segment is paying more attention to healthy products as the new generation becomes more health conscious. Indonesian consumers prefer internationally well-known brands and imported products, particularly for their children. In 2010, the government approved a number of import licences for alcoholic beverages. There were previously only 2 companies with import licences but now more than 20 companies have secured a licence. To acquire an import licence, a company needs to have at least 20 brands in its portfolio. It is recommended that New Zealand food and beverage products focus on Jakarta (with a population of 9. 6 million), Surabaya (4 million) and Bali (4 million). Jakarta and Surabaya are big markets in their own right but are also distribution hubs to the east and western parts of Indonesia. Bali is a popular tourism destination and there is a demand for quality products from hotels and restaurants. 2. 2 Points of Differentiation New Zealand is known in Indonesia as a producer of fresh, clean, high quality and healthy products. However, the market holds little knowledge about the range of products New Zealand sells. New Zealand companies need to continuously promote the overall New Zealand image for the benefit of their products. 2. 3 Long Term Strategic Issues for Exporters to Consider Recently a number of new regulations were introduced, which are aimed at protecting local producers of horticultural, agricultural and dairy products. Political issues and corruption are still a major issue in doing business in Indonesia. All imported food and beverage products must be registered by Indonesia’s National Agency for Food and Drugs Control (BPOM). New Zealand food and beverage exporters are advised to check with their Indonesian customers or partners what the exact process is. The specified time limit for BPOM to issue registration is 45 working days, but in the past it has taken 6-12 months. 12/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 2. 4 Distribution Channels. The best market penetration strategy is to appoint a local importer who has an established network across Indonesia. This will enable New Zealand businesses to access the retail market and also the HORECA (hotel, restaurant and catering) markets. Importers will undertake the product registration on behalf of New Zealand companies. New Zealand companies must provide the necessary documentation including a letter of appointment for the Indonesian importer. 2. 5 Pricing New Zealand products face stiff competition from other imported products, particularly products from Asian countries. With the right pricing and product positioning strategies, Indonesian consumers are willing to pay for premium products. Mark-ups for imported products will include: ? ? ? import agent fees custom duties value added tax (VAT) of 5-10 percent 13/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 2. MARKET RESOURCES AND CONTACTS ASSOCIATIONS /ORGANISATION ASEAN New Zealand Combined Business Council Halal Indonesia The Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (FIANZ) WEBLINK www. asean. org. nz www. halalindonesia. org/ www. fianz. co. nz/index. php Indonesia National Agency of Drug and Food Control www.pom. go. id ASEAN Australia New Zealand Free Trade Agreement Guide Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia Directorate General of Customs Excise. TRADE EVENTS InterFood Indonesia Fish and Seafood Indonesia Agri Indo Jakarta Fashion Food Festival OTHER NZTE PUBLICATIONS Indonesia Country Brief Wine Market in Southeast Asia Food and beverage in the hotel, restaurant and institutions market in Southeast Asia www. asean. fta. govt. nz www. depkes. go. id/en/ www. beacukai. go. id WEBLINK www. interfood-indonesia. com www. fisheryandseafoodexpo. com www. agri-indo. com www. jfff. info WEBLINK www. nzte.govt. nz www. nzte. govt. nz /www. nzte. govt. nz Disclaimer: This publication is provided to you as a free service and is intended to flag to you market opportunities and possibilities. Use of and reliance on the information/products/technology/concepts discussed in this publication, and the suitability of these for your business is entirely at your own risk. You are advised to carry out your own independent assessment of this opportunity. The information in this publication is general; it was prepared by New Zealand Trade and Enterprise (NZTE) from publicly available and/or subscription database sources. NZTE; its officers, employees and agents accept no liability for any errors or omissions or any opinion/s expressed, and no responsibility is accepted with respect to the standing of any firm/s, company/ies or individual/s mentioned. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise is not responsible for any adverse consequences arising out of such use. You release New Zealand Trade and Enterprise from all claims arising from this publication. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise reserves the right to reuse any general market information contained in its reports. i ii iii iv v vi vii viii Euromonitor International, 26 August 2011. Indonesia: Country Profile APNZ, 15 November 2011. Indonesia to join regional FTA. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from www. nzherald. co. nz Euromonitor International, 9 August 2011. Consumer Food Service in Indonesia. Euromonitor International, 2011. Market sizes, Indonesia Euromonitor International, February 2011. Alcoholic Drinks Indonesia Euromonitor International, November 2010. Packaged food Indonesia Business Monitor International, August 2011. Indonesia Food Drink Report Q4 2011. Euromonitor International, April 2011. Packaging Indonesia 14/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012.

Degradation of America in All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, and The Cru

The Degradation of America in All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, and The Crucible  Ã‚     Ã‚   Arthur Miller was, as a playwright, very critical of American society.   He condemned every aspect and satirized every ideal of modern American culture, from democracy to the American dream.   He degraded every part of Western civilization down to a much more basic and much more negative idea – capitalism became greed, and rule by the people became rule by the mob.   Many people of his era saw him as anti-American, and in many ways, he was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Each of Miller’s plays focuses on fundamental aspects of humanity.   Miller chose to represent these qualities in direct relation to American society, and contrasted the sacred ideals of democracy and capitalism with the true nature of mankind.   He blamed the faults of democracy onto mankind at an individual basis, and used the â€Å"American everyman† as an example to prove his point.   This technique was very successful in Miller’s three most important works – All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, and The Crucible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All three of these plays deal with different aspects of American democracy.   In All My Sons, Miller criticizes both domestic and international failures of democracy, especially in relationship to World War II.   American soldiers made great sacrifices for their friends and for their country, even giving up their lives to save that of a fellow soldier.   They were fighting to protect the American way of life, which according to Miller, was in effect nothing.   American soldiers were dying out in Europe and the Pacific so that Americans at home could buy refrigerators and new cars.   According to Chris, one of two characters Miller used to represent the American soldier, â€Å"[The A... ...btain happiness through money and fail. Larry and Proctor, along with numerous Puritans and American pilots, are all characters Miller used to demonstrate the terrible effects capitalism can have even on the innocent.   The American way of life revolves around capitalism, and capitalism is based solely on money; therefore the American way of life is faulted to the point of being unworkable. Works Cited   Hayman, Ronald.   Arthur Miller.   New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1972.   Miller, Arthur.   All My Sons.   New York: The Viking Press, 1957.   - - -.   Introduction.   Arthur Miller’s Collected Plays.   New York: The Viking Press, 1957.   - - -.   Death of a Salesman.   New York: The Viking Press, 1957.   - - -.   The Crucible.   New York: The Viking Press, 1957.   Moss, Leonard.   Arthur Miller.   Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1967.      

Max webber

This is a study of the bureaucratic characteristics of Turkish elementary and secondary schools Little is known about the organization and foundation of these schools. This study Is d beginning In an effort to develop d body of literature In these schools. Max Weber's (in Gerth ; Mills, 1946) thinking and Hall's (1961) operationalization of bureaucracy form the theoretical foundation for the study.Because the construct of alienation is the main construct that has been studied with relation to bureaucracy, this study also examines the relationships between ureaucracy and sense of power as a measure of alienation. Context Organizations surround us. Bureaucracy Is d blueprint for organlzlng human activities for a desired end. It is a sociological phenomenon that has evolved throughout the history ot clvlllzauon. As a sociological tool It has been used to bulld pyramids, to invade nations, to cure illnesses, to keep criminals incarcerated, to land on Mars, to massacre millions, to educat e. nd so on. It Is the tool of power, an â€Å"effective† device to control and direct human effort and behavior. The bureaucratic theory of Max Weber has been a point of departure for the development and odification of organization structure to Influence the flow of Interrelationships within organizations (Hall, 1963). The degree of bureaucracy in an organization sets the boundaries tor human action. These boundaries that regulate people's treedom have a by-product known as alienation.The construct of alienation has been studied with relation to bureaucracy. It has been demonstrated that people who work in bureaucracies have a limited â€Å"say† In what they do. For good or for evil, bureaucracy is the machinery to control human behavior. What matters is how to use this device without alienating people. chools are one of the forms of bureaucracy where a large portion of our lives is spent Schools prepare youth for bureaucracies. If the schools are the places that prep are people tor bureaucratized lite. hen, the teachers in them are the agents of bureaucracies. If teachers are alienated, society may also be alienated It is possible that certain problems ascribed to bureaucracies can be related to d certain degree of bureaucracy In organizations. All organizations are bureaucratic toa degree. Human lite, even before It begins and after It ends, is in contact with bureaucratic organizations. Organizations will ontinue to dominate and alienate our lives It is worthwhile to understand what bureaucracy Is and what problems are associated with It. ureducracles surround The orlgln ot the Bureaucratic Theory Since translations of Max Weber's works into the English language during the second part of the 1940s, a vast literature on organizations, In general, and on bureaucracy, 1 Of6 In partlcular, nas Deen generated. Max weDer (Ge in favor of bureaucratic organization: argued as Tollows The decisive reason for the advantage of bureaucratic organization ha s always been its purely technical superiority over any form of organization. The fully developed bureaucratic mechanism compares with other organizations exactly as does the machine with the non-mechanical modes of production.Precision, speed, unambiguity, knowledge of files, continuity, discretion, unity, strict subordination, reduction of friction, and of material and personal costs– these are raised to the optimum point in the strictly bureaucratic administration, and especially in its monocratic form. As compared with the collegiate, honorific, and avocation forms of administration, trained bureaucracy is superior on all these points. (p. 214) Max Weber (Etzioni, 1961) listed organizational attributes that when present, constitute the bureaucratic form of organization. 1 A continuous organization of official functions bound by rules. A specific sphere of competence. 3 The organization of offices follows the principal of hierarchy; that is, each lower office is under the control and supervision of a higher one. 4 The rules which regulate the conduct of an office may be technical rules or norms. 5 It is a matter of principle that members of the administrative staff should be completely separated from ownership of the means of production or administration. In order to enhance the organizational freedom, the resources of the organization have to be free of any outside control and the positions cannot be monopolized by any incumbent. 7 Administrative acts, decisions, and any rules are formulated and recorded in writing. (pp. 53-54) Based on the theory developed by Max Weber, researchers used bureaucratic theory as an analytical tool to examine organizational structure. Until the 1960s, case studies were used to assess bureaucratic characteristics of organizations. These studies were called unidimensional approach to the study of organization. Researchers who used the unidimensional approach believed that all characteristics of bureaucracy must be presen t to a high degree in an organization before it can be called a bureaucracy.During the late 1950s this approach was questioned. Researchers started to think that all characteristics of bureaucracy might not be present in an organization at the same time. Some characteristics can be stronger than others. Characteristics could be independent of each other. Bureaucratic characteristics or dimensions could create different configurations of bureaucracies. Since the 1960s, imensional approaches to study bureaucracy have been used. Hall (1961) was among the first to measure bureaucratic dimensions in organizations empirically.Hall (1961) was the first to develop a survey instrument to measure the degree of bureaucratization in organizations. After an extensive literature review, he identified six dimensions of bureaucracy: hierarchy of authority, division of labor, rules and regulations, procedural speclTlcatlons, Impersonallty, ana tecnnlcal competence. HIS instrument (Organizational Inv entory) has 62 items. All dimensions have 10 items xcept for hierarchy of authority, which has 12 items. Modified versions of his instrument have been used in educational settings to assess school bureaucratization.Researchers have added more items to his instrument during modifications. Hall's instrument was first modified by the Canadian researcher, MacKay (1964), to measure six dimensions of bureaucracy in educational settings. In Canada, Robinson (1966), Kolesar (1967) and Punch (1967) continued to use and refine the Mackay's instrument. These Canadian researchers were followed by Anderson (1970), Isherwood ( 1971), and Sousa (1980) in the U. S. Researchers using modified versions of Hall's instrument have consistently found six dimensions of bureaucracy clustered around two overall higher-order dimensions.Hall (1961) warned that one of the six dimensions could be an abureaucratic dimension. He found that the technical 4 competence dimension was inversely correlated with three d imensions. Mackay (1964) and Robinson (1966) also found that the dimensions did not converge under a single overall dimension. Punch (1967) found that six dimensions formed two higher order dimensions. Hierarchy of authority, rules and regulations, procedural pecifications, and impersonality clustered together while division of labor and technical competence clustered together.The higher order dimension formed by the first set of dimensions is a measure of bureaucratization while the higher order dimension formed by the second set of dimensions is a partial measure of professionalism. Isherwood and Hoy (1973) confirmed that Hall's six dimensions cluster under two separate second order dimensions. Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the utility of Hall's conceptualization of bureaucracy in analyzing the organizational structure of Turkish elementary and econdary schools. Research on educational organizations in Turkey is not as advanced as it is in the western countries.T urkey adopted its centralized ministry system from European nations. No empirical studies were found on structural characteristics of Turkish public schools. Researchers do not have an empirical base to help them understand how organizations function. It is hoped that this study will start a literature base on the subject and provide a tool to assess the organizational structure of schools that is desperately needed in Turkey. Also an empirical llustration from Turkey might provide a useful addition to the literature because the literature on school organizations in developing countries is very limited.Researchers know little about how school bureaucracy functions in other cultures. Questions How are the bureaucratic dimensions of Turkish elementary and secondary schools related? What are the relationships between the bureaucratic dimensions of Turkish elementary schools and the demographic variables? wnat are tne relatlonsnlps Detween tne Dureaucratlc Olmenslons 0T lur s elementary and secondary schools and teachers' sense of power? 5 Definitions Major Variables A bureaucracy is an organizational form designed to accomplish large-scale administrative tasks by systematically coordinating the work of many individuals (Blau, 1956).Hierarchy of authority (HA) is â€Å"the extent to which the locus of decision making is prestructured by the organization†(Hall, 1968, p. 95). Division of labor or specialization (DL) is â€Å"the extent to which work tasks are subdivided by functional specialization within the organization† (Hall, 1968, p. 95). Rule enforcement or rules and regulations (RR) is â€Å"the degree to which the behaviors of organizational members re subject to organizational control† (Hall, 1968; p. 95).Procedural specification (PS) is â€Å"the extent to which organizational members must follow organizationally defined techniques in dealing with situations they encounter† (Hall, 1968, p. 95). Impersonality (IM) is â€Å"the e xtent to which both organizational members and outsiders are treated without regard to individual qualities†(Hall, 1968, p. 95). This dimension has two distinct factors. (1) Friendly climate (CLM) is the degree to which relations in the organization are friendly and warm. (2) Formality (FRM) is the degree to which nteractions among people are formal and free from emotions.The second factor was accepted as the measure of impersonality. The friendliness of the school climate is most likely to be an outcome variable rather than a structural variable. This variable was analyzed separately. Promotions based on technical competence (TC) is â€Å"the extent to which organizationally defined â€Å"universalistic† standards are utilized in the personnel selection and advancement (Hall, 1968, p. 95). Control is the degree to which bureaucratic authority is utilized to regulate teacher behaviors.Expertise is the degree to which professional authority is utilized to regulate teach er Sense of power (SP) is the extent to which a teacher believes he/she is able to influence the course of events in the school that holds significance for him/her (Moeller 1962). 6 Teacher's friendship with school administrators was measured by responses to the statement, † I have a friendship with school administrators outside the school,† on a five-point Likert type scale ranging from 1 = definitely inaccurate to 5 = definitely accurate . Demographic Variables Name of city is the school district where the teacher works.It is operationalized as the name of the township: Karabuk (1), Safranbolu (2), Eflani (3), Eskipazar (4), Yenice (5), and Ovacik (6). Number of sessions is a two-category variable. Teachers were grouped into two categories ( ) teacners wno work at scnools tnat run one sesslon a cay ana teachers who work at schools that run two sessions a day. Level of the school refers to grades in the teacher's school. Teachers in elementary school (K-5) were coded as one, teachers in middle schools (6-8) were coded as two, and teachers in high schools (9-11) were coded as three.Size variables are (1) the number of teachers who are on the payroll of the teacher's school, (2) number of students enrolled in the teacher's school, (3) student-teacher ratio in the teacher's school, (4) number of classrooms in the teacher's school, and (5) number of administrators in the teacher's school. Age of the teacher's school is the number of years passed since the foundation of the school. Urbanization is a three-level categorical variable: teachers who work in urban schools, teachers who work in suburban schools, and teachers who work in rural schools. Urban was coded as one, suburban was coded as two, and rural was coded s three.Occupation of principal's father was a five-level categorical variable: teachers who work under principals whose fathers were farmers (coded 1), teachers who work under principals whose fathers were blue collar workers (coded 2), tea chers who work under principals whose fathers were small business owners (coded 3), teachers who work under principals whose fathers were civil servants (coded 4), and teachers who work under principals whose fathers were professionals (code 5). 7 Sex is the gender of the teacher. Male teachers were coded as one while female teachers were coded two.Socio-economic status of teacher was measured by three variables (1) growing up location of teacher, (2) number of sisters and brothers of teacher, and (3) father's occupation of teacher. The grown-up location of teacher was operationalized as rural (1), town (2), city (3), big city (4), and all (5). Father's occupation was categorized as small business owner (1), civil servant (2), blue-collar worker (3), and farmer (4). Socio economic status of students (SES) is the teacher's principal's perception of students socioeconomic status measured on a five point likert type scale.Principals ere asked to rate students in their school on a five- point scale ranging from very poor (1) to very wealthy (5). Political ties of teachers were measured on a five-point Likert- type scale. Teachers were asked to respond to following statement: â€Å"l know influential people who can help me if I am in trouble in this school. † Response options ranged from definitely inaccurate (1) to definitely accurate (5). Experience of teacher was measured by four variables: (1) age of teacher, (2) total service years of teacher in teaching, (3) total years in administrative positions and (4) ork experience outside teaching.The last variable, the work experience outside teaching, was a categorical variable. Teachers who had work experience outside teaching were assigned one while teachers who did not have work experience outside teaching were assigned two. Overall alienation from work was utilized to cnec tne vallOl ty 0T sense 0T power scale. leacners were asKea to response to tne following question: â€Å"Do you wish your child to pursue a career in teaching? † Those who said â€Å"†yes† were assigned â€Å"two† and those who said â€Å"no† were assigned â€Å"one. † Teacher's birthplace had two possible responses. Those who were born in the province, Karabuk, were assigned a â€Å"two. Those who were born outside the province were assigned a â€Å"one. † Training had three potential responses. Teachers who were not graduated from teacher colleges were assigned a â€Å"one,† teachers who were not graduated from teacher colleges but 8 earned teaching certificate by attending extra training were assigned a â€Å"two,† and regular teachers who were graduated from teacher colleges were assigned a â€Å"three. † Experience of principals had three measures: (1) age of teacher's principal, (2) total ears in administrative positions, and (3) total service years in education sector.These measures were obtained during school visitations. Percentage of male is the percentage of male teachers in teacher's school. Organization of the Study The relevant literature is reviewed in the second chapter. The third chapter deals with instrumentation and methodology. The findings of the pilot study are reported in the fourth chapter. The findings of the research sample are in the fifth chapter. After discussions of findings, recommendations for further research are presented in the sixth chapter.

Success Factor for Zara

What are the Key success factors of Zara? â€Å"The ability to respond to customer requirements on a timely basis has always been a fundamental element of the marketing concept. † Martin Christopher et. al. Hence, it is important being proactive in a market such as the fast-fashion industry which Zara is operating in, time is always a crucial factor. The fast-fashion market, amongst other things, is characterized by short lifecycles, high volatility, low predictability, and high-impulse purchases. Therefore, it is very important for Zara to constantly have their products available for a potential customer in order to sell and earn more profit.Since the fast-fashion market is also constantly shifting and trends can be replaced over a night, there is a low predictability. This makes it a lot more difficult to compose accurate forecasts. In order to stay competitive in the market, it is important to take be aware of these types of factors mentioned above, and make sure you are no t left behind. One of Zara? s distinctive key success factors is their valuable and planned integrated logistics and supply chain management. This allows them to further develop and deliver a competitive marketing mix.In a marketplace where customers expect to find the latest designs that are still in fashion, Zara is an outstanding example of how to make that possible. It usually takes at least six months in the textile industry for an idea to be transformed into a product and reach the store shelves. By reducing the lead-time through efficient channel management, Zara has developed a vertical integrated business model, which allows them to change some parts of their inventory in only a couple of weeks. This strategy is nowadays known as the â€Å"Quick Response† (QR).The definition of QR can be described as; â€Å"A state of responsiveness and flexibility in which an organization seeks to provide a highly diverse range of products and services to a customer/consumer in the exact quantity, variety, quality, time, place and price, as dictated by real-time customer/consumer demand. †Neil Towers et. al The QR strategy allows Zara to create products that are inspired by the latest fashion trends from around the world through diverse media sources displayed to a broad public, leading fashion scenes, movies, bloggers, etc.By having products for a reasonable price with relatively high quality, Zara is one of the leading fast-fashion companies in the world. But, how does their company function to have this much success? One of the main reasons why Zara is so competitive is because they have suppliers that are strategically designed to fulfill their conceptual idea. Their conceptual idea is to supply trendy clothes, to a broad market, for a reasonable price. Almost 30 percent of the company`s suppliers are situated in either Spain or parts of Europe.The local presence of the manufacturing facilities within a short distance to many of their stores and hea dquarters, has allowed the company to be very flexible in a changing market. With high integration to the company? s suppliers, the products that are highly sensitive to availability and proactive response are mainly produced in Europe. They minimize costs and lead-time because of the local presence, which makes it possible to introduce new and fresh merchandise multiple times a year.Since, major parts of the production are situated locally, the products can reach the stores at the right time, meet the actual demand, and reach a higher sell-through. The other part of their product line that is not susceptible for seasonal change is outsourced to low-cost-labor countries in Asia. The combination of suppliers works as a competitive advantage. It promotes high-impulse purchasing from their new lines while still profiting for their basic product lines. Another key success factor is their pricing strategy.The company uses a market-based pricing strategy, which means that they design prod ucts at a fixed price according to what the costumers are willing to pay. All the costs to produce and deliver the product combined with the planned gross margin for profit are then calculated in accordance to the final retail price. Besides the pricing strategy, Zara also uses a market-oriented approach, which refers to being aware and predicting costumers hidden needs. As studies has revealed, the company only spends one percent of their annual turnover on advertising.They put most of their resources into using modern technologies, such as point-of-sales data collected from their stores as an effective communication tool. By regularly collecting POS-data, and translating the information into real demand and different consumption patterns, the company can deliver the exact quantity of merchandise, at the right time, to their stores. This activity minimizes the costs and results in higher profit, which can be used for other business activities such as expansion, product development and so on.Not to mention, it also makes it possible for the company to evaluate and predict which products that will have a shorter or longer product life cycle. Hence, will result in higher sell-through, quick elimination of products that are out of fashion, and replenishment of new merchandise. Another reason to why their internationalization has been so successful is the fact that their merchandize can be sold in many different parts of the world. Even regardless of cultural differences. One of the reasons is that their consumer’s love garments from the high-end market and Zara copies those garments at lower prices for their consumers.In some cultures the company is using adaptation tools. For example, each store manager is allowed to make slight modifications to the assortment to achieve a better match between supply and demand in certain countries. In addition, the location of the stores is another successful factor. Zara has chosen to position their stores in attractive and high-trafficked locations. Also, Zara’s stores are designed by professional store decorators in accordance to Zara’s business image. The interior of the Zara in Central for instance is very similar to other high-end fashion stores, which gives customers the same feeling as shopping in a luxury store.References Used the two articles posted by Dawn on FB Lectures Tutorials And: Retrieved on 2012-03-11http://www. google. com. hk/books? hl=sv&lr=&id=-9Ja0ZQ6gSMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA62&dq=market+orientation+and+supply+chain+management+in+the+fashion+industry&ots=0FiX4Yvyf5&sig=BoBe-KOlSiOaY6igTvN7NvyPVYM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=market%20orientation%20and%20supply%20chain%20management%20in%20the%20fashion%20industry&f=false Retrieved on 2012-03-11 http://martin-christopher. info/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/CREATING-AGILE-SUPPLY-CHAINS-IN-THE-FASHION-INDUSTRY. pdf

The Morality of Euthanasia essays

The Morality of Euthanasia essays In contemporary American society, a general topic for moral discussion is euthanasia, the act of painlessly ending the life of a person for reasons of mercy. This is usually done in cases in which the person is hopelessly sick or injured. Although by this definition euthanasia may clearly seem to be morally permissible, it is cause for much debate and controversy in todays American culture. In this essay, I will defend the view that euthanasia is almost always morally acceptable, exceptions being non-voluntary active euthanasia, (which will be defined shortly), or cases in which the patient has been suicidal before the diagnosis of a disease or a debilitating accident. Before beginning my arguments, I think it important to first discuss the different types of euthanasia. Voluntary active euthanasia is when the patient wishes to end their life, and this is done through such means as injecting them with a lethal dose of a drug, therefore dying of unnatural causes. Voluntary passive euthanasia occurs when the patient wishes to end their life, but death is caused naturally by removing a life-sustaining machine or by not starting treatment for a disease. Non-voluntary active euthanasia is simply active euthanasia in which the patient is unable to express their wishes and a loved one makes the decision for them. Non-voluntary passive euthanasia is passive euthanasia under the same circumstances as non-voluntary active euthanasia. (There also exists another form, involuntary euthanasia, which directly violates the patients wishes, which seems to simply be homicide; therefore I will not further discuss this issue). Another act that falls within the scope of euthanasia is Physician Assisted Suicide. This is when a physician provides the information, means, or supervision for the successful suicide of their patient at the patients request. Moving on to my argument supporting the morality of euthanasia, ...

How to Write a Personal Statement for Graduate School

How to Write a Personal Statement for Graduate School A personal statement for graduate school is an opportunity to showcase  what you will bring to the graduate program and to explain how the program  fits into your larger career goals. Some programs will ask you to write a single essay covering both your personal background and what you wish to study in graduate school. Others, however, will require both a personal statement and a statement of purpose.  The  personal statement should focus on you and your background, while the  statement of purpose should focus on your research or what you plan to study in graduate school. Follow these strategies to craft a stellar personal statement that will stand out in admissions offices.   Key Takeaways The personal statement provides an opportunity for you to share information about yourself and your academic interests to graduate admissions committees.The personal statement should discuss your academic background as well as relevant work and research experiences.When talking about your previous experience, be sure to highlight the skills that you learned and how your past experiences have led you to be interested in graduate study.Your first draft of your personal statement doesn’t need to be perfect. Give yourself time to revise and proofread your essay, and be sure to seek feedback on your draft from others. Structuring a Personal Statement Your personal statement should include an introduction and a summary of your previous experience (including your coursework, research experience, and relevant work experience). Additionally, if you’re not covering these topics in a separate statement of purpose, you should also discuss why you want to go to graduate school, what you wish to study as a graduate student, and why this particular graduate program is right for you. Starting Your Essay Personal statements can begin in a few different ways. Some students start their essay by discussing their personal background or sharing a compelling anecdote that explains why they are interested in graduate school. Other students simply begin their essay by talking plainly about their academic experiences and interest in graduate school. There’s no â€Å"one size fits all† answer here, so feel free to choose the introduction that works best for your essay. Sometimes, the introduction of a personal statement is the toughest part to write. If you’re experiencing writer’s block, remember that you  don’t  have to start with the introduction.  By the time you’ve finished writing the rest of the essay, you may have a much better idea of the type of introduction your essay needs. Summarizing Your Previous Experience In your personal statement, you’ll want to talk about your previous academic experience and how it has prepared you for graduate school. You can talk about courses you’ve enjoyed (especially any advanced coursework), research projects you may have worked on, or internships and work experience that are relevant for graduate school. When describing  your previous experience, be sure to not just write about what you did but also what you learned and how the experience contributed to your interest in graduate school. For example, if you gained research experience by assisting a graduate student with their research project, don’t just describe what the project was about. Instead, be as specific as possible about skills you picked up (for example, gaining experience using lab techniques or a particular academic database). Additionally, write about how your past experiences sparked your curiosity and helped you decide that graduate school is the right choice for you. Remember that you can also talk about non-academic experiences such as volunteer work or part-time jobs. When you mention these experiences, highlight how they show transferable skills (i.e. skills that will also be valuable in your graduate program, such as communication skills or interpersonal skills). For example, if you supervised a group of students as a camp counselor, you might talk about how this experience helped you develop leadership skills. If you had a part-time job while in college, you might talk about challenges you resolved at work and how they demonstrate your problem-solving ability. If you faced significant obstacles  while in college, your personal statement can also be a place to discuss the experience (if you feel comfortable doing so) and its influence on you. Writing About Why You Want to Attend Graduate School In your personal statement, you should also talk about your future goals: what you want to study in graduate school, and how this ties into your larger goals for your future career. Graduate school is a big commitment, so professors will want to see that you have thought through your decision carefully and that graduate education is truly necessary for the career you want to pursue. When talking about why you want to go to graduate school, it’s good to be as specific as possible about why the school you’re applying to would be a good match for your career goals. If you’re applying to a program that involves a significant amount of research (such as PhD programs and some Master’s programs), it’s important to talk about the research topics you’re most interested in studying while in graduate school. For programs involving research, it’s also a good idea to read the department’s website to learn about faculty members’ research topics and then customize your personal statement accordingly for each school. In your personal statement, you can mention several professors you might want to work with and explain how their research matches up with what you’d like to study. Mistakes To Avoid Not proofreading. In graduate school, writing will be a big component of your academic career, especially if your program involves writing a Master’s thesis or doctoral dissertation. Taking the time to proofread shows professors that they can be confident in your writing ability.  Sharing overly personal information. While sharing a personal anecdote can help to  illustrate your interest in graduate school, disclosing information that is too personal can backfire. In a survey of psychology graduate admissions committee chairs, some professors pointed out that sharing overly personal information can make applicants look unprofessional. And as Harvard’s Office of Career Services points out, interviewers  may ask you follow-up questions about your personal statement in interviews. So if it’s not something you’d feel comfortable sharing in a face-to-face setting, it’s best left out of your personal statement.Writing too much. Keep your essay brief : if the essay prompt doesn’t give a specific word/page limit, 1-2 pages is generally a good length. (However, if the program you’re applying to specifies a different length, be sure to follow their instructions.) Vague language.  Be  as specific as possible about why you want to pursue graduate school and which topics you want to study. As UC Berkeley’s Career Center explains, you should avoid using words like â€Å"interesting† or â€Å"enjoyable† unless you elaborate on them further. For example, don’t just say that you find a topic interesting- share a compelling research finding you learned about or explain why you’d like to contribute to knowledge in this area as a graduate student.Not asking for help. You don’t need to write a perfect essay on the first draft. Seek out trusted mentors, such as professors and graduate students, and ask for feedback on your essay draft. You can also seek out on-campus resource centers at your college for additional personal statement feedback and support. What A Successful Personal Statement Looks Like Some of the most compelling admissions essays are ones in which students are able to draw a clear connection between their past experiences (coursework, jobs, or life experiences) and their motivation for attending graduate school. If you can show readers that youre both well-qualified and passionate about your proposed course of study, you’re far more likely to capture the attention of admissions committees. If you’re looking for inspiration, read  sample graduate admissions essays. In one  sample essay, the writer talks about the shift in her academic interests- while she initially studied chemistry, she is now planning to go to law school. This essay is successful because the writer clearly explains why she is interested in switching fields and demonstrates her passion for studying law. In addition, the writer highlights transferable skills that will be relevant to the legal profession (such as explaining how working as a resident assistant in her college dorm helped her to develop interpersonal skills and gain experience resolving conflicts). This provides an important take-home lesson for writing a personal statement: you can talk about past experience that isn’t directly related to academics, as long as you explain how this experience has helped to prepare you for graduate study. Writing a personal statement for graduate school can seem like a daunting task, but it doesn’t have to be. By demonstrating your qualifications and enthusiasm and seeking feedback on drafts from professors and other on-campus resources, you can write a strong personal statement that shows who you are and why you’re a good candidate for graduate school. Sources and Further Reading â€Å"4 Sample Graduate School Essays.† CSU Channel Islands: Career Leadership Development. https://www.csuci.edu/careerdevelopment/services/sample-graduate-school-admissions-essays.pdfAppleby, Drew C., and Karen M. Appleby. â€Å"Kisses of Death in the Graduate School Application Process.† Teaching of Psychology 33.1 (2006): 19-24 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/246609798_Kisses_of_Death_in_the_Graduate_School_Application_Processâ€Å"Applying to Graduate School.† Undergraduate Resource Series, Harvard University: Office of Career Services (2017). https://ocs.fas.harvard.edu/files/ocs/files/applying_to_grad_school_0.pdfBrown, Joseph L. â€Å"‘Tell Them Who You Are and Why You’ve Applied’: Personal Statements.† Stanford University: Office of Multicultural Affairs. https://oma.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Personal_Statements.v6_0.pdfâ€Å"Graduate School – Statement.† UC Berkeley: Career Center. https://career .berkeley.edu/Grad/GradStatementâ€Å"Personal Statement.† Harvard University: Office of Career Services. https://ocs.fas.harvard.edu/personal-statement â€Å"What’s a Good Statement of Purpose?† Stanford University: Graduate School of Education. https://ed.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/Statement-of-Purpose.pdfâ€Å"Writing the Personal Statement.† UC Berkeley: Graduate Division. http://grad.berkeley.edu/admissions/apply/personal-statement/â€Å"Writing Your Graduate School Application Essay.† Carnegie Mellon University: Global Communication Center. https://www.cmu.edu/gcc/handouts-and-resources/grad-app-sop

Recruitment and selection consultation Assignment

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Literture Review of 2 Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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